Introduction: Obese individuals have elevated levels of inflammatory and cell adhesion molecules that can critically induce the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Aerobic exercise training reduces biochemical markers and anthropometric characteristics involved in atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the effect of resistance exercise training on these biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on atherosclerosis biochemical markers and anthropometric characteristics in obese women.
Materials and methods: Fourteen obese women completed an 8-week resistance exercise training protocol with moderate intensity at 9 stations (exercise involving the major muscle groups: 3 sets of 8-15 repetitions of chest press, leg press, seated pulley rows, overhead press, seated leg press, leg curl, triceps extensions, biceps curls, and calf raises). Fasting blood samples were taken before and after the 8-week exercise training. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule1 (ICAM-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured using commercial kits by ELISA method. The data were analyzed using dependent t-test.
Results: Resistance training significantly reduced the levels of atherosclerosis biochemical markers, ICAM-1and CRP (P=0.001). Also, body fat percentage (P=0.001), waist: hip ratio, body mass and body mass index significantly decreased following resistance training (P=0.001). However, no significant change occurred in platelet counts (P=0.922).
Conclusion: Resistance training results in reduction of inflammatory biomarkers involved in atherosclerosis as well as body fat.

Introduction: Adipose tissue and inflammatory factors play important role in occurrence of atherosclerosis in overweight women. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training on risk factors involved in atherosclerosis in overweight women.
Materials and methods: For this, fourteen overweight women (mean ± standard deviation: body mass index 28.49 ± 3.28 k/m² and body fat  35.01 ± 3.68%) conducted aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks (at intensity correspond with 65 to 80 % reserved heart rate). Before and after aerobic exercise training, fasting blood samples were taken and anthropometrics characteristics were measured. The data were analyzed using Paired sample t-test (P<0.05).
Results: Aerobic exercise training significantly increased maximal oxygen consumption in overweight women (P=0.001). In contrast, aerobic exercise training result in significant reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule 1 levels (P=0.013) and C-reactive protein (P=0.001). In addition, anthropometric measurements of body fat percentage (P=0.006), waist to hip ratio (P=0.01), and body mass index (P=0.001) showed a significant reduction, too. However, no significant change observed in platelet (P=0.127), high density lipoprotein (P=0.107), low density lipoprotein (P=0.095) and cholesterol (P=0.391) levels.

Introduction: Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) plays an important role in promoting the obesity related disorders including insulin resistance. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the levels of CT-1 and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-six  women (average age of 46.95±3.49 years old, average weight of 79.5±5.7 kg) with type 2 diabetes randomly assigned in three equal groups including HIIT, MICT and control groups. Both training program conducted for 12 weeks and three session per week. Blood samples collected before and after intervention and serum levels of CT-1 and insulin were measured by ELISA method.
Results: Between group analysis indicated a significant decrease of CT-1 levels in HIIT (P=0.002) and MICT (P=0.016) groups compared to control group, but no significant difference observed between HIIT and MICT groups (P=1.000). Paired t test analysis indicated that serum levels of CT-1 significantly decreased in both HIIT and MICT groups (P<0.001). Moreover, insulin resistance significantly decreased in HIIT and MICT groups compared to control group (P<0.001). Intragroup analysis indicated a significant decrease of insulin resistance in HIIT and MICT groups (P<0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that, positive effects of HIIT and MICT protocols including improvement the insulin resistance are exerted by decreased the serum levels of CT-1. In addition, HIIT was no superior compared to MICT for observed changes in CT-1 levels and insulin resistance.

Introduction: Hypertension is a pivotal modifiable risk factor for global cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality, often associated with a high-fat diet. This study aimed to explore the impact of endurance training on selected hemodynamic factors in rats subjected to a high-fat diet.
Material & Methods: In this experimental research, 21 male Wistar rats (weighing 200-250 g) were randomly assigned to three groups: high-fat diet (HF), normal diet (C), and high-fat diet with endurance training (HF+T), each comprising seven rats. The HF and HF+T groups were exposed to a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) for 12 weeks. Subsequently, the HF+T group underwent a six-week, five-sessions-per-week endurance training program. Cardiac parameters were recorded using physiography, and data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 24, utilizing one-way ANOVA.
Results: The one-way ANOVA results showed no significant difference between groups in heart rate (p=0.143). However, systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the HF+T group compared to C (p=0.001) and HF (p=0.045) groups. The HF group also exhibited significantly elevated systolic blood pressure compared to the C group (p=0.044). Additionally, diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in both the HF (p=0.021) and HF+T (p=0.009) groups compared to the C group.
Conclusion: This study suggests that a high-fat diet, particularly when combined with endurance training, leads to an increase in blood pressure in rats compared to those fed a normal diet, emphasizing the complex relationship between diet, exercise, and cardiovascular health. The findings underscore the importance of understanding these interactions for comprehensive cardiovascular risk management. The identified hemodynamic changes contribute valuable insights for future interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of high-fat diets on cardiovascular health.

Introduction: Myonectin is a key player in mediating lipid and glucose metabolism, and exercise training positively influences it by upregulating this myokine. However, the impact of different exercise regimens on myonectin levels is not well understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of three weeks of circuit resistance training on serum myonectin levels and lipid profiles in young men.
Material & Methods: Twenty sedentary young males (average age: 23.6 ± 3.2 years) participated, randomly assigned to circuit resistance training (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Circuit resistance training, comprising nine sessions over three weeks with nine exercises per session at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), was conducted. The control group maintained their daily routine. Blood samples, collected 48 hours post-training, underwent serum myonectin and lipid profile analysis using specialized kits. SPSS software version 24, ANCOVA tests (p < 0.05), were used for data analysis.
Results: The study revealed a significant increase in serum myonectin levels in the trained group compared to controls (p = 0.027). Additionally, the trained group exhibited a significant reduction in cholesterol and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels compared to controls (p < 0.05). Triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels did not significantly change in the trained group compared to controls (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that short-term circuit resistance training (three weeks) significantly improves the lipid profile in sedentary subjects. The positive effect is partially attributed to the upregulation of myonectin levels induced by the training regimen.