en Microbiology Microbiology مقالات مروری Narrative review <span style="font-size:9pt"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:"><b>Introduction</b>: Levels of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene are low in normal breast tissue, but half of the patients with breast cancer exhibit higher levels of this receptor. The differential expression of the HER2 gene in normal and malignant cells makes it an excellent biomarker for therapeutic purposes. In this study, we evaluated the degree of HER2 overexpression in patients and its relationship with age and the occurrence of metastases.</span></span><br> <span style="font-size:9pt"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:"><b>Materials & Methods</b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: </span></span></b>In this retrospective, registry-based, two-center cohort study, information on 1500 breast cancer patients recruited from Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam Province was collected from 2020 to 2023.<span lang="FA" dir="RTL" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:9pt"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:"><b>Results</b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: &nbsp;</span></span></b>The likelihood of metastasis in cancer patients with HER2 gene expression was three times higher (adjusted OR: 2.82; 95% CI: 1.79&ndash;3.29; P=0.001). Additionally, the involvement of lymph nodes (adjusted OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 0.87&ndash;3.79; P=0.03) was significantly associated with increased metastasis.</span></span><br> <span style="font-size:9pt"><span minion="" pro="" style="font-family:"><b>Conclusion</b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: &nbsp;</span></span></b>This study demonstrates that HER2 gene expression and the number of involved lymph nodes are significant prognostic factors that increase the risk of metastasis. Therefore, implementing comprehensive breast cancer screenings can play an important role in the treatment and prevention of metastasis in breast cancer patients.</span></span> Toxin-antitoxin systems, Persister Cells, Recalcitrance, Tolerant, Physiology 68 75 http://jbrms.medilam.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-789-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Faed Osama Fahdil faid1999@gmail.com 10031947532846007485 0009-0001-3014-4975 No Department of Ecology, College of Science, Kufa University, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq Laith Alhusseini laithphd100@gmail.com 10031947532846007486 10031947532846007486 Yes Department of Ecology, College of Science, Kufa University, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq