Investigating antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil of Tymbra spicata against some pathogenic bacteria 2 2 Introduction: Thymbra spicata (T. spicata) is a conventional medicinal herb which is commonly used in the folklore medicine system of Iran. Aim of the study was to assess the antibacterial activity of the essential oil and hudroalcholic extract of the plant T. spicata on some important bacteria. Materials & methods: The essential oil and extract of T. spicata were obtained by hydrodistillation and hydroalcoholic methods, respectively. Different concentrations of essential oil and hydroalcholic extract of the medicinal herb, T. spicata, were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against ten pathogenic bacteria (4 Gram-positive and 6 Gram-negative) by agar disc diffusion and macro Broth dilution method Results: All the bacteria showed a profound susceptibility to the essential oil and hydroalcholic extracts of the T. spicata. The essential oil was shown to be more effective against the examined bacteria. The zone of inhibition of the essential oil shown to be maximum against E. faecalis (28 mm) and M. morganii (30 mm). The hydroalcholic extract of T. spicata, showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative) with the zone of inhibitions, 19 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the essential oil and hydroalcholic extracts ranged from 7-60μg/ mL and 5-19 mg/ml, respectively against the tested bacteria. Conclusion: This study revealed the potential using of T. spicata as a source of antibacterial agents that could be effectively used for medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes. 1 7 2013/12/28 1392/10/7 2014/02/1 1392/11/12 Salar Bakhtiyari Salar Bakhtiyari Ilam University of Medical Sciences bakhtiyaribio@gmail.com Somaieh Sabzali Somaieh Sabzali Ilam University of Medical Sciences bakhtiyaribio@gmail.com Arman Rostamzad Arman Rostamzad Ilam University of Medical Sciences bakhtiyaribio@gmail.com Gholam Basati Gholam Basati Ilam University of Medical Sciences basati-gh@medilam.ac.ir Tymbra spicata Essential oil hydroalcholic extract antibacterial activity 1. Alam MT, Karim MM, Khan SN. Antibacterial activity of different organic extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Cassia alata. J Sci Res. 2009; 1(2): 393-8.##2. Ozcan M, Erkmen O. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Turkish plant spices. J Eur Food Res Technol. 2001; 212(6): 658-60.##3. Mahasneh AA, Adel MA, El-Oqlah AB. Antimicrobial activity of extracts of herbal plants used in the traditional medicine of Jordan. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;64(3):271-6. ##4. Daneshvar-Royandezagh S, Khawar KM, Ozcan S. In vitro micro propagation of garden thyme (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata L.) collected from southeastern Turkey using cotyledon node. Biotechnol Biotechnologic Equip. 2009; 23(3) 1319-21.##5. Tümen G, Ermin N, Özek T, Kürkcüoglu M, Baser KHC. Composition of essential oils from two varieties of Thymbra spicata L. J Essent Oil Res. 1994; 6(5):463-8.##6. Hanci S, Sahin S, Yilmaz L. Isolation of volatile oil from thyme (Thymbra##7. spicata) by steam distillation. Nahrung. 2003; 47(4):252-5.##8. Palaniappan K, Holley RA. Use of natural antimicrobials to increase antibiotic susceptibility of drug resistant bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010; 140(2-3):164-8.##9. Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). Sherris medical microbiology.5th ed. McGraw-Hill Medical; 2010. ##10. Unlü M, Vardar-Unlü G, Vural N, Dönmez E, Ozbaş ZY. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymbra spicata L. from Turkey. Nat Prod Res. 2009; 23(6):572-9.##11. Bauer AW, Kirby WN, Sheris JC, Tuck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966;45(4): 493-6.##12. Cermelli C, Fabio A, Fabio G, Quaglio P. Effect of eucalyptus essential oil on respiratory bacteria and viruses. Curr Microbio1. 2008;56(1): 89-92. ##13. Pao-Chuan H, Jeng-Leun M, Shu-Hui H. Antimicrobial effect of various combinations of plant extrats. Food Microbiol 2001; 18(1): 35-43.##14. Baron EJ, Finegold SM. Methods for testing antimicrobial effectiveness: Bailey and Scott\'s diagnostic microbiology. 8th ed. Mosby:St. Louis; 1990.P. 171-94.##15. Burt AS, Reinders RD. Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lett Applied Microbio1 2003; 36(3): 162-7.##16. Zampini IC, Vattuone MA, Isla MI. Antibacterial activity of Zuccagnia punctata Cav. ethanolic extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 102(1):450-6.##17. Pauli A, Knobloch K. Inhibitory effects of essential oil components on growth of food-contaminating fungi. Find out how to access preview-only content Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung 1987:185(1): 10-3. ##18. Ultee A, Bennik MHJ, Moezelaar R, Kıvanç M, Akgül A. The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(4): 1561-8##19. Kılıc T. Analysis of essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata var. spicata: antifungal, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities. Z Naturforsch C. 2006; 61(5-6):324-8.## ##20. Bosnić T, Softić D, Grujić-Vasić J. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils and major constituents of essential oils. Acta Med Acad. 2006; 35(1):19-22.##21. Akin M, Oguz D, Saracoglu HT. Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Thymbra spicata var. spicata L. and Teucrium polium (Stapf Brig.). Int J Pharm App Sci. 2010; 1(1):55-8.## ##

Learning Styles of Nursing Students in Iran using the Kolb\'s Theory: A review Study 2 2 Background: learning style of students is one of the most important factors which influences on student learning. Some negative effects on nursing student learning can be observed as a result of imbalance between it and teaching methods. Using appropriate methods of teaching and determination of student learning styles can facilitate their leaning. Hence, this study aims to identify the most common learning styles of nursing students in Iran. Materials and Methods: The Iranian databanks including Magiran, SID, Medlib and Iran Medex are searched for relevant published articles from March 21, 1991 till July 2012. For searching international databases, English transcriptions of Iran were used. The Persian search terms that were equivalent from their English words included Learning styles, nursing students and the Kolb learning style. It is noted that this review research only includes studies that are based on the Kolb's theory and researches that discuss other learning styles are excluded from the review process. Results: Research articles that were based on the Kolb's theory of learning styles in entire of Iran has been collected and investigated. In all studies, learning styles of nursing students in several cities were searched for determining four styles of the Kolb's theory (Accommodating, Absorbent, Divergent and Convergent). The Convergent and Absorbing styles were dominant ones in the nursing students. These styles were ranged from 28.9% to 54.2% and 29.9% to 53.8%, respectively. Conclusions: In order to enhance students learning more attention are required to different learning styles. It is recommended the teachers shall attract more attentions in students' learning style and use appropriate teaching methods. 8 14 2013/12/282013/12/30 1392/10/9 2014/02/12014/02/10 1392/11/21 Iman Mohammadi Iman Mohammadi Ilam University of Medical Sciences iman8962 @yahoo.com Hamid Thaghinejad Hamid Thaghinejad Ilam University of Medical Sciences hamid2005mordad@yahoo.com Learning styles Nursing students 1. Ahadi F, Abedsaidi J, Arshadi F, Ghorbani R. Learning styles of nursing and allied health students in Semnan university of medical sciences. J Med Sci Semnan Uni. 2009;11(2):141-7.##2. Sarchami R, Hossaini SM. Relationship of learning styles with educational progress of nursing student in Qazvin. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2004;8(30):64-7.##3. Sfdrydhchshmh F, Delaram M, Parvin N, Khairi S, Foruzandeh N, Kazemian L. Factors in the academic achievement of the students and faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in 2004. J Uni Med Sci. 2007;9(3):71-7.##4. Yousefi AR, Ghasemi GR, Fyrvznya S. Motivation linked with the progress of medical students of Isfahan University Sciences. Educat Iran J Med Sci. 2009;9(1):79-85.##5. Jhansyr KH, Salhzadh H, Vsaqy H, Mousavi Far I. Impact on students\' progress, time management, Islamic Azad University of Maragheh. Res Sci Educat. 2007(16):97-114.##6. Kamali S, Jafari E, Fathi A. Correlation between self-esteem and academic achievement of pages, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Zanjan. J Med Educat. 2009;2(2):17-24.##7. Payami Bousari M, Fathi Azar E, Moosavinasab N. Comparing the effect of lecture combined with question and answer, and team member teaching design ##on nursing students\' achievements. Iran J Med Educat. 2006;6(2):45-50.##8. Valizadeh L, Fathi azar S, Zamanzadeh V. Nursing and Midwifery Students’ Learning Styles in Tabriz Medical University. Iran J Med Educat. 2006;6(2):136-9.##9. Najafi Kalyani M, Karimi S, Jamshidi N. Comparison of learning styles and preferred teaching methods of students in Fasa University of Medical Sciences. Arak Med Uni J(AMUJ). 2010;12(4):89-94.##10. Meyari A, Sbvry Kashanim A, Qryb M, Beiglarkhani M. Compares freshman and fifth-year medical student learning styles and its relationship to academic achievement. Strides Develop Med Educat . 2009;6(2):110-18.##11. Pyrmhmd G, Khadayy A, Yousefi A, Shariati F, Dasta M. Relationship between thinking styles and approaches to learning and student achievement. Teach Learn Stud. 2010;58(2):1-26.##12. Smulders FE. Co-operation in NPD: Coping with Different Learning Styles. Creat Innov Manag. 2004;13(4):263-73.##13. Geranmayeh M, Khakbazan Z, Darvish A, Haghani H. Determining learning style and its relationship with educational achievement in nursing and midwifery students. Iran J Nurs Res. 2011;6(22):6-15.##14. Thghinejad H, Suhrabi Z, Esmailpour R, Peyman H, Sadqyfr J. Evaluation of critical thinking in nursing students of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2011. research project 2011, Ilam: Ilam University of Medical Sciences.##15. Thghinejad H, kohan M, kohan N. Barriers of clinical teaching. J Nurs Midwifery. 2007;7(2):8-11.##16. Ranjbar H, Esmaeili H. Survey, Learning Styles of Nursing and Midwifery Students city Torbat. J Nurs Midwifery. 2007;5(4):152-5.##17. Rasoulinejad A. Learning styles of students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Stride n Develop Med Educat. 2006;3(1):26-32.##18. Kalbassi S, Nasseri M, Sharifzadeh GR, Pvrsfr A. Birjand University of Medical Students\' Learning Styles. Stride Develop Med Educat. 2008;5(1):10-6.##19. Abbaszadeh A, Jamshidi N, Kellyanne Najafi M. Nursing students\' learning styles Razi Kerman. Stride Develop Med Educat. 2011; 8(2):195-9.##20. Safavi M, Shooshtari S, Mahmoodi M, Yarmohammadian M. Self-directed Learning Readiness and Learning Styles among Nursing Students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Med Educat. 2010;10(1):27-35.##21. Boekaerts M, Corno L. Self-regulation in the classroom: A perspective on assessment and intervention. Appl Psychol 2005; 54:199-231. ##22. Amira R, Jelas ZM. Teaching and Learning Styles in Higher Education Institutions: Do They Match? Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2010;7(C):680-4.##23. Kolb AY, Kolb DA. The Kolb learning style inventory–version 3.1 2005 technical specifications. Boston, MA: Hay Resource Direct. 2005.##24. Rezaie K, Koohestani H, Ganjeh F, Anbari Z. Learning styles of first semester students in Arak University of Medical Sciences, 2008. Arak Med Uni J. 2010;12(4):44-51.## ##

Fungal peritonitis and cancer near the abdominal regions 2 2 Objective: Guidelines have recommended that structured programs to support fungal peritonitis in cancer patients should be introduced. The role of fungi in causing peritonitis is rare, but fungal peritonitis has high morbidity and mortality. The abdominal fullness may be secondary to the fungi accumulation of peritoneal fluid. The isolation of fungi, particularly Candida from peritoneal fluid samples in patients with cancer near abdominal region is an increasingly common occurrence that creates a hypothesis about the role of fungi as a pathogen or an innocent bystander in the disease process. Methods: In this paper all the relevant papers about analysis of clinical signs, diagnosis and management fungal peritonitis in cancer patients particularly cancers near abdominal region were reviewed. An extensive search of texts published during 1950-2012 was undertaken by using identified key words and index terms. Results: It seems that tumor-related local factors permit fungi to cross the gut wall and enter the peritoneum, and consequently the growth of fungi, inflammation and weakening of the immune system occurs in peritonitis. Due to the lack of specific clinical signs and difficulty of isolation of pathogenic organisms from clinical specimen treatment is very difficult. Discussion: In malignant patients with inflammation of peritoneum, examination of peritoneal fluid for the fungal element (direct microscopic exam and culture) is necessary. 15 28 2013/12/282013/12/302014/02/9 1392/11/20 2014/02/12014/02/102014/02/15 1392/11/26 Seyed Reza Aghili Seyed Reza Aghili Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari, Iran aghili70@yahoo.com Tahereh Shokohi Tahereh Shokohi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari, Iran shokohi.tahereh@gmail.com Ghasem Jan Babaei Ghasem Jan Babaei Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. bsalmanian@yahoo.com Samane Afshar Samane Afshar Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari, Iran samane.min63@yahoo.com Bahar Salmanian Bahar Salmanian Faculty Member of Farhangian University, Sari, Iran janbabaaei@yahoo.com Fungal peritonitis Malignancy Cancer Abdominal region cancer Management 1. Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J. Update on fungal peritonitis and its treatment. Perit Dial Int. 2009; 29(Suppl 2):S161-S5. ##2. Vincent JL, E Anaissie, H Bruining. Management of deep Candida infection in surgical and intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med. 1994, 20:522-8.##3. Dupont H1, Bourichon A, Paugam-Burtz C, Mantz J, Desmonts JM. Can yeast isolation in peritoneal ﬂuid be predicted in intensive care unit patients with peritonitis? Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(3):752-7.##4. Warady BA, Bashir M, Donaldson LA. Fungal peritonitis in children receiving peritoneal dialysis: a report of the NAPRTCS. Kidney Int. 2000; 58(1):384-9.##5. Bibashi E, Memmos D, Kokolina E, Tsakiris D, Sofianou D, Papadimitriou M. Fungal peritonitis complicating perito-neal dialysis during an 11-year period: report of 46 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 36(7):927-31.##6. Ram R, Swarnalatha G, Neela P, Dakshina Murty KV. Fun-gal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peri-toneal dialysis: a single centre experience in India. Nephron Clin Pract. 2008; 110(4):c207-12.##7. Miles R, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Predictors and outcomes of fungal ##8. peri-tonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2009;76(6):622-8.##9. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE Jr, Morris AJ, Tanner DC, et al. The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal ##resistance. Am J Med. 1996;100(6): 617-23.##10. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Meis JF, Gould IM, et al . Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance study, 1997 to 2005: an 8.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species and other yeast species to fluconazole and voricona-zole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing.J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(6):1735-45.##11. Bassetti M, Righi E, Costa A, Fasce R, Molinari MP, Rosso R, et al. Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care.BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:21.##12. Chen CM, Ho MW, Yu WL, Wang JH. Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: effect of fluconazole treatment and use of the twin-bag disconnect system. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004; 37(2):115-20. ##13. Mäkitie AA1, Bäck L, Aaltonen LM, Leivo I, Valtonen M. Fungal infection of the epiglottis simulating a clinical malignancy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003; 129(1):124-6.##14. Kopelson G, Silva-Hutner M, Brown J. Fungal peritonitis and malignancy. Report of two patients and review of the literature. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1979; 6(1):15-22.##15. Segal JH1, Messana JM. Prevention of Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis. Semin Dial. 2013;26(4):494-502. ##16. Shan YS1, Hsu HP, Hsieh YH, Sy ED, Lee JC, Lin PW. Signiﬁcance of intraoperative peritoneal culture of fungus in perforated peptic ulcer. Br J Surg. 2003;90(10):1215-9.##17. Yang C1, Yeh CT, Hung CF, Liaw YF. Case report: spontaneous peritonitis caused by Candida albicans. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999; 14(10): 1041-4.##18. Carneiro HA, Mavrakis A, Mylonakis E. Candida peritonitis: an update on the latest research and treatments. World J Surg. 2011; 35(12):2650-9. ##19. García-Agudo R, García-Martos P. Clinical and microbiological aspects of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Nefrología 2009(6); 29(6):506-17.##20. Groll AH, Walsh TJ. Invasive fungal infections in the neutropenic cancer patient: current approaches and future strategies. Infect Med. 2002;19(7):1421-9. ##21. Smiley S, Almyroudis N, Segal BH. Epidemiology and management of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer. Abstr Hematol Oncol. 2005;8(2):20-30.##22. Girmenia C1, Pagano L, Martino B, D\'Antonio D, Fanci R, Specchia G, et al. Invasive infections caused by Trichosporon species and Geotrichum capitatum in patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective multicenter study from Italy and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43(3): 1818-28.##23. Hautala T1, Ikäheimo I, Husu H, Säily M, Siitonen T, Koistinen P, et al. A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological unit. BMC Infect Dis. 2007; 7: 97. ##24. Brook I, Frazier EH. Aerobic and anaerobic infection associated with malignancy. Support Care Cancer. 1998; 6(2):125-31. ##25. Wilson SE, Hopkins JA. Clinical correlates of anaerobic bacteriology in peritonitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 20(suppl 2):S251-S6.##26. Das K, Ozdogan M, Karateke F, Uzun AS, Sozen S, Ozdas S. Comparison of APACHE II, P-POSSUM and SAPS II scoring systems in patients underwent planned laparotomies due to secondary peritonitis. Ann Ital Chir. 2014;85(1):16-21.##27. Wong PN, Mak SK, Lo KY, Tong GM, Wong AK. A retrospective study of seven cases of Candida parapsilosis peritonitis in CAPD patients: the therapeutic implications. Perit Dial Int. 2000; 20(1):76-9.##28. Iwen PC, Kelly DM, Reed EC, Hinrichs SH. Invasive infection due to Candida krusei in immunocompromised patients not treated with fluconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;8(2)20342-7.##29. Krcmery V1, Grausova S, Mraz M, Pichnova E, Jurga L. Candida guilliermondii fungemia in cancer patients: report of three cases. J Infect. Chemother. 1999;5(1):58-9.##30. Gugic D, Cleary T, Vincek V. Candida glabrata infection in gastric carcinoma patient mimicking cutaneous histoplasmosis. Dermatol Online J. 2008; 14(2):152-9.##31. Saif MW, Raj M. Cryptococcal peritonitis complicating hepatic failure: case report and review of the literature. J Appl Res. 2006;6(1):43-50.##32. Kalawat U, Sharma K. Trichosporon peritonitis following duodenal perforation. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(7):43-45.##33. Tuon F, Costa S. Rhodotorula infection. A systematic review of 128 cases from literature. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2008, 25:135-40.##34. Choy BY, Wong SS. Pichia ohmeri peritonitis in a patient on CAPD: response to treatment with amphotericin. Perit Dial Int. 2000;20(5):91-7.##35. Nannini EC, Paphitou NI, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Peritonitis due to Aspergillus and zygomycetes in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003; 46(6):49-53.##36. Rippon JW, Larson RA, Rosenthal DM, Clayman J. Disseminated cutaneous and peritoneal hyalohyphomycosis caused by Fusarium species: three cases and a review of the literature. Mycopathologica. 1988; 101(4):105-11. ##37. Lopes JO. Acremonium kiliense peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: report of two cases. Mycopathologia. 1995;131(7):83-5.##38. Nankivell BJ, Pacey D, Gordon DL. Peritoneal eosinophilia associated with Paecilomyces variotii infection in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991; 7(4)18:603-9.##39. Chang H, Shy K, Cheng C, Wu M, Chen C, Lian J. Peritoneal-dialysis-associated Penicillium peritonitis. Am J Nephrol. 2000;20(5):250-2.##40. Tasic SA, Miladinovic-Tasic N, Djordjevic J. Ten year prevalence of fungal peritonitis in the city of Nis. Central Eur J Med. 2010;5(1):49-52.##41. Remon C, de la Calle I J, Vallejo-Carrion F, Perez-Ramos S, Fernandez Ruiz E. Exophiala jeanselmei peritonitis in a patient on CAPD. Perit Dial Int. 1996;16(5):536-8.##42. Terada M, Ohki E, Yamagishi Y, Nishiyama Y, Satoh K. Fungal peritonitis associated with Curvularia geniculata and Pithomyces species in a patient with vulvar cancer who was successfully treated with oral voriconazole. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2014;67(2):191-3.##43. Blot SI, Vandewoude KH, De Waele JJ. Candida peritonitis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007; 13(7):195-9.##44. García-Agudo R, García-Martos P. Clinical and microbiological aspects of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Nefrologia. 2009;29(9):506-17.##45. de Ruiter J, Weel J, Manusama E et al. The epidemiology of intra-abdominal ﬂora in critically ill patients with secondary and tertiary abdominal sepsis. Infection 2009;37(6):522-7. ##46. Nathens AB, Rotstein OD, Marshall JC. Tertiary peritonitis: clinical features of a complex nosocomial infection. World J Surg. 1998;22(4):158-63. ##47. Rotstein OD, Pruett TL, Simmons RL. Microbiologic features and treatment of persistent peritonitis in patients in the intensive care unit. Can J Surg. 1986;29(5):247-50.##48. Sawyer RG, Rosenlof LK, Adams RB. Peritonitis into the 1990s: changing pathogens and changing strategies in the critically ill. Am Surg. 1992;58(3):82-7.##49. Rocklin MA, Teitelbaum I. Noninfectious causes of cloudy peritoneal dialysate. Semin Dial. 2001;14(4):37-40.##50. Predari SC, de Paulis AN, Verón D, Zucchini A, Santoianni JE. Fungal peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis: twenty five years of experience in a teaching hospital in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2007;39(6):213-7.##51. Li PK, Szeto CC, Piraino B, Bernardini J, Figueiredo AE. Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations: 2010 update. Perit Dial Int. 2010;30(9):393-423.##52. Asicioglu E, Kahveci A, Bakir EA, Bulur A, Arikan H. Unusual presentation of peritonitis with persistent clear aspirate: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2010;4(2):383-8.##53. Nabili M, Shokohi T, Jan Babaei G, Moghaddam KA, Ghavamzadeh A. [Evaluation of galacto-mannan assay in serum for detection of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies and bone marrow transplant recipients.] J Mazand Univ Med Sci. 2012; 22(87): 10-20. (Persian)##54. Scotter JM, Stevens JM, Chambers ST, Lynn KL, Patton WN. Diagnosis of Aspergillus peritonitis in a renal dialysis patient by PCR and galactomannan detection. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(7): 662-4.##55. Singh P, Wiggins B, Sun Y, Servilla KS, Last RE. Imaging of peritoneal catheter tunnel infection using positron-emission tomography. Adv Perit Dial. 2010;26(9):96-100.##56. Plaut A. Human infection with Cryptococcus glabratus; report of case involving uterus and fallopian tube. Am J Clin Pathol. 1950;20(4):377-80. ##57. Nakamura T, Yoshida M, Ishikawa H, Kameyama K, et al. Candida albicans aggravates duodenal ulcer perforation induced by administration of cysteamine in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(5):749-56. ##58. Patiño NN, Figueruelo AG, Cid JL, Bartolomé SM. Fungal peritonitis after gastrointestinal perforation secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. An Pediatr. 2010;73(5):297-8. (Barc)##59. Bodey G P., Fungal Infections Complicating Acute Leukemia. Dis. 1966; 19(4): 667-87. ##60. Singer C, Kaplan MH, Armstrong D. Bacteremia and fungemia complicating neoplastic disease. A study of 364 cases. Am J Med. 1977; 62 (5):731-42.##61. Kopelson G, Silva-Hutner M, Brown J. Fungal peritonitis and malignancy. Report of two patients and review of the literature. Med Pediatr Oncol.1979;6(4):15-22.##62. Martino R, Lopez R, Sureda A, Brunet S, Domingo-Albós A. Risk of reactivation of a recent invasive fungal infection in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing further intensive chemo-radiotherapy. A single-center experience and review of the literature. Haematologica. 1997; 82(3): 297-304.##63. Viscoli C, Girmenia C, Marinus A. Candidemia in cancer patients: a prospective, multicenter surveillance study by the Invasive Fungal Infection Group (IFIG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC).Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(6):107-19. ##64. Almoujahed MO, Riederer K, Baran Jr J. Fungal peritonitis at a tertiary care community teaching hospital:epidemiology, treatments, and outcome over a 3 year time span. Mycoses. 2004;47(6):200-2.##65. Thomas DW, Munuswamy P, Adu-Poku K, Holgate CS. Candida albicans peritonitis in a patient with Felty’s syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58(4): 432-3.##66. Montravers P, Dupont H, Gauzit R, Veber B, Auboyer C. Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34 (3):646-52.##67. Afridi SP, Malik F, Ur-Rahman S, Shamim S, Samo KA. Spectrum of perforation peritonitis in Pakistan: 300 cases Eastern experience. World J Emerg Surg. 2008; 3(7):31-4.##68. Montravers P, Mira JP, Gangneux JP, et al. A multicentre study of antifungal strategies and outcome of Candida spp. peritonitis in intensive-care units. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17(2):1061-7.##69. Teleanu G, Iordache F, Beuran M. Prognostic scoring systems-validation and their utility in patients with abdominal sepsis in colon peritonitis. J Med Life. 2014;7(1):84-9.##70. Viscoli C, Girmenia C, Marinus A et al. Candidemia in cancer patients: a prospective, multicenter surveillance study by the Invasive Fungal Infection Group (IFIG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Clin Infect Dis.1999;28(6):1071-9. ##71. Montravers P, Mira JP, Gangneux JP, et al. A multicentre study of antifungal strategies and outcome of Candida spp. peritonitis in intensive-care units. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17:1061-7.##72. Martino R, Lopez R, Sureda A, Brunet S, Domingo-Albós A. Risk of reactivation of a recent invasive fungal infection in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing further intensive chemo-radiotherapy. A single-center experience and review of the literature. Haematologica. 1997; 82(1): 297-304.##73. Shokohi T, Bandalizadeh Z, Hedayati MT, Mayahi S. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from patients with cancer. Int J Infect Dis. 2010; 14(3): S46.##74. Alden SM, Frank E, Flanccbaum L. Abdominal candidiasis in surgical patients. Am Surg. 1989;55(8):45-9.##75. Calandra T, Bille J, Schneider R. Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients. Lancet. 1989;2(4):1437-40.##76. Goldie SJ, Kleman-T roidle L, Torres C. Fungal peritonitis in a large chronic peritoneal dialysis population: A report of 55 patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28(7):86–91.##77. Keane WF, Bailie GR, Boeschoten E. Adult peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations:2000 update. Peritoneal Dial Int. 2000;20(9):396-411.##78. Sedlacek M, Cotter JG, Suriawinata AA, Kaneko TM, Zuckerman RA. Mucormycosis peritonitis: more than 2 years of disease-free follow-up after posaconazole salvage therapy after failure of liposomal amphotericin B. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 ; 51(2):302-6.##79. Michel C, Courdavault L, Al Khayat R. Fungal peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol. 1994;14(1):113-20.##80. Goldie SJ, Kleman-Troidle L, Torres C. Fungal peritonitis in a large chronic peritoneal dialysis population: A report of 55 patients.Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28(4):86–91.##81. Bren A. Fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998;17(5):839-43.##82. Warady BA, Bashir M, Donaldson LA. Fungal peritonitis in children receiving peritoneal dialysis: a report of the NAPRTCS. Kidney Int. 2000; 58(7):384-9.##83. Raaijmakers R, Schröder C, Monnens L, Cornelissen E, Warris A. Fungal peritonitis in children on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 22(3):288-93.##Piraino B, Bailie GR, Bernardini J, Boeschoten E, Gupta A. Peritoneal dialysis-related infections recommendations. Perit Dial Int. 2005; 25(10):107-31.## ##

Application of Azolla Filiculoides biomass for Acid blue 15 dye (AB15) Removal from aqueous solutions 2 2 Background: one of the most important environmental pollutants is industrial wastewaters. Discharging of colorful industrial effluents to receptive waters can lead to eutrification and it has the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is evaluation of Acid blue 15 dye removal by dried Azolla from aqueous solution. Material and methods: The Azolla biomass was dried in the sunlight, then it was crushed and sieved to particle sizes in range of 1-2 mm. Next treated with 0.1M HCl for a period of 5h. The azolla was washed with distilled water and it was used as adsorbent. The effect of operating parameters such as pH, contact time, AB 15 concentration and adsorbent dose on the AB15 removal efficiency was investigated. The dye concentration was measured by spectrophotometer (DR4000) in λmax =565nm. Results: In optimum condition (pH 3, contact time 90 min , adsorbent dose 10 gr/l and AB15 concentration 10 ppm), Application by azolla was able to remove 98% of AB15 from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium data is best fitted on Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption kinetic model follows pseudo-second model. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that the dried Azolla can be used as a high efficiency and low-cost adsorbent to treat of textile effluents. 29 37 2013/12/282013/12/302014/02/92013/12/2 1392/9/11 2014/02/12014/02/102014/02/152014/02/1 1392/11/12 Mohamad Ali Zazoli Mohamad Ali Zazoli Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Davod Belalak Davod Belalak Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences dbalarak2@gmail.com Yaser Mahdavi Yaser Mahdavi Mazandaran University Of Medical Sciences Fateme Karimnejad Fateme Karimnejad Mazandaran University Of Medical Sciences Keywords: Azolla Filiculoides AB15 dye Isotherm’s model Adsorption water treatment 1. KhorramfarS, Mahmoodi NM, Arami M, Gharanjig K. Dye removal from colored textile wastewater using tamarindusindica hull: adsorption isotherm and kinetics study. DyeSci Technol. 2012;3(1):81-8.##2. GokO, Ozcan AS, Ozcan A. Adsorption behavior of a textile dye of Reactive Blue 19 from aqueous solutions onto modified bentonite. Appl Surf Sci. 2010; 256 (17):5439-43.##3. Zazouli MA, Yazdani J, Balarak D, Ebrahimi M, Mahdavi Y. Removal Acid Blue 113 from Aqueous Solution by Canola. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci. 2013; 23(2):73-81.##4. Yazdanbakhsh AR, Mohammadi AS, Sardar M, Mohammadi H, Zarabi M. Investigation of Iron Powder, Hydrogen Peroxide and Iron Hydrogen Peroxide for Removal of Acid Yellow Powder 36 Dye from Aqueous Solutions. Health Environ. 2010; 2(4):295-302.##5. Samarghandi MR, Sepehr MN, Zarrabi M, Norouzi M. Mechanism and Removal Efficiency of C.I. Acid Blake 1 by Pumice Stone Adsorbent. Health Environ. 2011; 3(4):399-410.##6. Patil AK, Shrivastava VS. Alternantherabettzichiana plant powder as low cost adsorbent for removal of Congo red from aqueous solution. International journal of chemistry technology resources. J Health. 2010; 9(2):842–50.##7. Lin L, Zhai S-R, Xiao Z-Y, Song Y. Dye adsorption of mesoporous activated carbons produced from NaOH-pretreated rice husks. Bioresource Technol. 2013; 10(136):437–43.##8. Mahvi A, Heibati B. Removal efficiency of azo dyes from textile effluent using activated carbon made from walnut wood and determination of isotherms of acid red18. Public Health J. 2009; 1(3):7-15.##9. Zazouli MA, Balarak D, Mahdavi Y. Effect of Azollafiliculoides on removal of reactive red 198 in aqueous solution. J Adv Environ Health Res. 2013; 1(1):1-7.##10. Tan L, Ning S, Xia H, Sun J. Aerobic decolorization and mineralization of azo dyes by a microbial community in the absence of an external carbon source. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2013:7( 85):210-6.##11. Zazouli MA, Balarak D, Mahdavi Y, Ebrahimi M. Adsorption rate of 198 reactive red dyes from aqueous solutions by using activated red mud. Iran J Health Sci. 2013; 1(1):29-40.##12. Safa Y, Bhatti HN. Adsorptive removal of direct textile dyes by low cost agricultural waste: Application of factorial design analysis. Chem Engin J. 2011; 12(167):35–41.##13. Naddafi K, NabizadehNodehi R, Jahangiri Rad M. Removal of Reactive Blue 29 Dye from Water by Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Iran J Health Environ. 2011; 3(4): 359-68.##14. Shokouhi R, Hosseinzadeh E, Zare M, Torabi E. Sodium Alginate Magnetic Beads for Removal of Acid Cyanine 5R from aqueous solution. Hormozgan Med J. 2011;1(2):101-11.##15. Tan C-y, Li G, Lu X-Q, Chen Z-l. Biosorption of Basic Orange using dried A. filiculoides. Ecol Engin. 2010; 5(36):1333–40.##16. Shokohi R, Jafari Z. removal dye Acid Blue 113 from aqueous environment by adsorption on Activated red mud. J Med Kordestan. 2011; 16(4):55-65.##17. Garg VK, Renuka G, AnuBala Y, Rakesh K, Dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust, Bioresour. Technology. 2003; 89(3):121-7.##18. Toor M, Jin B. Adsorption characteristics, isotherm, kinetics, and diffusion of modified natural bentonite for removing diazo dye. Chem Engin. 2011; 6(187):79-88.##19. Ponnusami V, Krithika V, Madhuram R, Srivastava SN. Biosorption of reactive dye using acid-treated rice husk: Factorial design analysis. J Hazardous Mat. 2007; 8(142):397–403.##20. Crini G, Badot PM. Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: A review of recent literature. Prog Polymer Sci. 2008; 33(4):399-447.##21. Oladoja NA, Aboluwoye CO, Oladineji YB. Studies on castor seed shell as a sorbent in basic dye contaminated wastewater remediation. Desalination. 2008; 14(227):190-203.##22. Wang S, Boyjoo Y, Choueib A, Zhu ZH. Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud. Water Res. 2005; 39:129-38.##23. Dianati RA, Yazdani J, Belarak D. Effect of sorbitol on phenol removal rate by lemna minor. Mazandaran Uni Med Sci. 2013; 22(2):58-64.##24. Jain SK, Gujral GS, Jha NK, Vasudevan P. Production of biogas from Azollapinnata R.Br and Lemna minor L.: Effect of heavy metal contamination. Bioresource Technol. 1992; 41(3):273-7.##25. Filizade Y. Survey Ecology Excessive Growth Of Azolla In Anzali Wetland And Quality Control. Iran Nat Resources. 2003; 55(1):65-82.##26. Zazouli MA, Balarak D, Mahdavi Y. Pyrocatechol Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Using Azolla filiculoides. Health Scope. 2013; 2(1):1-6.##27. Diyanati RA, Yousefi Z, Cherati JY, Balarak D. Adsorption of phenol by modified azolla from Aqueous Solution. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci. 2013; 22(2):13-21.##28. Diyanati RA, Yousefi Z, Cherati JY, Balarak D. The ability of Azolla and lemna minor biomass for adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci. 2013; 23(106).17-23.##29. Padmesh TVN, Vijayaraghavan K, Sekaran G, Velan M. Application of Azollarongpong on biosorption of acid red 88, acid green 3, acid orange 7 from synthetic solutions. Chem Engin J. 2006; 11(122):55-63.##30. Tan C-y, Li M, Lin Y-M, Lu X-Q, Chen Z-l. Biosorption of Basic Orange from aqueous solution onto dried A. filiculoides biomass: Equilibrium, kinetic and FTIR studies. Desalination. 2011:266(1-3):56-62.##31. Pandey VC. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from fly ash pond by Azollacaroliniana. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 2012:82(2):8-12.##32. Padmesh TVN, Vijayaraghavan K, Sekaran G, Velan M. Batch and column studies on biosorption of acid dyes on fresh water macro alga Azollafiliculoides. J Hazardous Mat. 2005; 4(125):121-9.##33. Samanjit A, Walia TPS, Ravneet K. Removal of health hazards cuasing acidic dyes from aqueous solution by the process of adsorption. J Health Allied Sci. 2007; 6(3):14-21.##34. Zazouli MA, Balarak D, Mahdavi Y, Barafrashtehpour M, Ebrahimi M. Adsorption of bisphenol from industrial wastewater by modified red Mud. J Health Develop. 2013; 2(1):1-11.##35. Dogan M, Abak H, Alkan M. Biosorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Hazelnut Shells: Equilibrium, Parameters and Isotherms. Water Air Soil Poll. 2008; 192(1-4): 141-53.##36. Zazouli MA, Balarak D, Mahdavi Y. Application of azollafiliculoides biomass for 2-Chlorophenol and 4-Chrorophenol Removal from aqueous solutions. Iran J Health Sci. 2013; 1(2):20-30.##37. Nateghi R, Bonyadinejad GR, Amin MM. Nickel oxide nanoparticles application as an efficient adsorbent for dye removal from synthetic wastewater treatment. Health Sys Res. 2009; 6:1015-21.##38. Zazouli MA, Balarak D, Karimnejhad F. Kinetics modeling and isotherms for adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by modified lemna minor. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci. 2013; 23(107):31-39.##39. Vafaei F, Khataee AR, Movafeghi A, SalehiLisar SY, Zarei M. Bioremoval of an azo dye by Azollafiliculoides: Study of growth, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes status. Int Biodeter Amp Biodegrad. 2012:75:194-200. ## ##

Relationship between bio-environmental characteristics of mothers with infant’s birth weight in Khuzestan province 2 2 Introduction: birth weight is one of the important sanitary indices in evaluating the prenatal care all over the world. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the bio-environmental characteristics of mothers with infant’s birth weight. Materials and Methods: In corrolation study, first, all newborn babies in hospitals and maternity centers Khuzestan between Farwardin (May.2012) and Esfand (March.2013) were selected. Then, 925 babies were randomly selected and their parents answered the questionnaire of bio-environmental .The data analyzed with using correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: there was a significant relation between the bio-environmental characteristics of mothers with infant’s birth weight (p<0/ 001). Also, results show that mother’s environmental features can explain 9% of the regression of the birth weight. Conclusion: recognition of some risk factors pertaining of low birth weight can help take preventive. The result showed that bio-environmental during pregnancy influences the birth weight. 38 42 2013/12/282013/12/302014/02/92013/12/22014/01/3 1392/10/13 2014/02/12014/02/102014/02/152014/02/12014/02/1 1392/11/12 Homayoon Haroon Rashidi Homayoon Haroon Rashidi Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch haroon_rashidi2003@yahoo.com Ali Akbar Arjmandniya Ali Akbar Arjmandniya Tehran University haroon_rashidi2003@yahoo.com Gholam Ali Afrooz Gholam Ali Afrooz Tehran University haroon_rashidi2003@yahoo.com Kiyomars Beshlideh Kiyomars Beshlideh Tehran University haroon_rashidi2003@yahoo.com bio-environmenta birth weight 1. Alexander GR, Wingate MS, Mor J, Boulet S. Birth outcomes of Asian- Indian Americans. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;97(3):215-20.##2. Shmueli A, Cullen MR. Birth weight, maternal age, and education: new observations from Connecticut and Virginia. Yale J Biol Med. 1999; 72(4): 245-58.##3. Kitsantas P, Hollander M, Li L. Using Classification Trees to Assess Low Birth Weight Outcomes. Artif Intell Med. 2006; 38(3): 275-89.##4. Bhari Z, Hoseinian S, Afrooz GH, Hooman HA. [Prevalence of low birth weight and comparison of many biological characteristics of low birth weight – newborns, mothers with those of normal weight- newborns counterparts]. J Guilan Uni Med Sci. 2012;21(81):37-44.(Persian)##5. Shum D, Neulinger K, O\'Callaghan M, Mohay H. Attentional problems in children born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight at 7-9 years. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2008; 23(1): 103-12.##6. Pritchard VE, Clark CA, Liberty K, Champion PR, Wilson K, Woodward LJ. Early school-based learning difficulties in children born very preterm. Early Hum Develop. 2009; 85(4): 215-24.##7. Evensen KA, Akarnes J, Brubakk AM, Vik T. Predictive value of early motor evaluation in preterm very low birth weight and term small for gestational age children. Early Hum Dev. 2009; 85(8): 511-8.##8. Pope DP1, Mishra V, Thompson L, Siddiqui AR, Rehfuess EA, Weber M, et al. Risk of Low birth weith and stillbirth associated with lndoor air pollution from solid fuel use in developing countrices. Epidenuiol Rev. 2010; 32(1):70-81.##9. Nascimento LF, Moreira DA. Are enriromental pollutante risk factors for low birth weight? Cad Saude Publica. 2009; 25(8):1791-6.##10. Bell ML, Ebisu K, Belanger K. Ambiet air pollution and low birth weight in connectiut and Massachusetts. Envirom Health Perspect. 2007; 115(7):1118-24.##11. Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Adams K, Bell ML, Gehring U, Glinianaia S, et al. Interaational collaboration on air pollution and pregnancy outcomes (ICAPPO). Int J Envirom Res Pub Health. 2010; 7: 2638-52.##12. Jalaludin B, Mannes T, Morgan G, Lincoln D, Sheppeard V, Corbett S. Impact of ambient air pollution on gestational age is modified by season in Sydney, Australia. Envirom Health. 2007; 7(6):16-22.##13. Maina G, Saracco P, Giolito MR, Danelon D, Bogetto F, Todros T. Impact of maternal psychological distress on fetal weight, prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation. J Affect Disord. 2008; 111(2-3): 214-20.##14. Patel V, Prince M. Maternal psychological morbidity and low birth weight in India. Bir J Psychiatry. 2006; 188: 284-5.##15. van Baar AL, van Wassenaer AG, Briët JM, Dekker FW, Kok JH. Very preterm birth is associated with disabilities in multiple developmental domains. J Pediatr Psychol. 2005; 30(3): 247-55.##16. Weiler G, Risse M, Klöppel A. [Assessment of damage to the child in acute CO poisoning in pregnancy]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1994; 44(11): 744-8.(German)##17. Bobak M. Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity. Environ Health Perspect. 2000; 108(2): 173-6.##18. Hall J, Gilligan A, Schimmel T, Cecchi M, Cohen J. The origin effects and control of air pollution in laboratories used for human embryo culture. Hum Reprod. 1998; 4: 146-55.## ##

Pattern of fat distribution (waist to hip ratio) and body mass index in high school adolescents in Ilam 2 2 Background. Adolescence is a critical period of growth and different variables can effect on this process in this age period. The relationship between obesity in adolescence and some metabolic disorders in the future has been reported by many studies. This study was carried out to determine the pattern of fat distribution among high school adolescents in Ilam city in 2013. Method. In this cross-sectional study, 583 high school students were selected with a dedicated multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and BMI and WHR were calculated. Results: The prevalence of being overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity were 21.8 %, 0.7 %, and 39.8% respectively. Age of students showed a significant positive and negative correlation with BMI and WHR (P<0.001). Conclusion: Results of this study showed that adolescents are at increased risk for overweight and obesity. Therefore monitoring the health and nutrition, nutrition education, improve knowledge and sporting for this age group may help to improve health, nutrition and the prevention of many chronic diseases in adulthood. 43 49 2013/12/282013/12/302014/02/92013/12/22014/01/32014/01/4 1392/10/14 2014/02/12014/02/102014/02/152014/02/12014/02/12014/01/21 1392/11/1 Meysam Behzadifar Meysam Behzadifar Ilam University of Medical Sciences Zahra Vahdat ShariatPanahi Zahra Vahdat ShariatPanahi Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Elham Ranjbar Elham Ranjbar Ilam University of Medical Sciences Khairollah Asadollahi Khairollah Asadollahi Ilam University of Medical Sciences masoud_1241@yahoo.co.uk Heshmatolah Nourmoradi Heshmatolah Nourmoradi Ilam University of Medical Sciences Kourosh Sayehmiri Kourosh Sayehmiri Ilam University of Medical Sciences BMI WHR Fat distribution High school adolescents Ilam 1. Spear BA.Nutrition in adolescence. In: Krause\'s Food, Nutrition & Diet Therapy. Mahan LK, Escott, Stumps, (eds). 11th ed. Sounders:USA; 2004.P. 284-99. ##2. Nemati A, Naghizade A, MH. D. [Study Factorsa nthropometric19-7 year-old female student and comparison with standard NCHS]. J Ardabil Uni Med Sci. 2008; 8(2): 208-2.(Persian)##3. Golden BE. Infancy, childhood and adolescence. In: Garrow Js, James WPT, Ralph A, editors. Human nutrition and dietetics. 10th ed. Churchill & Livingston; 2000.##4. Hajifaraji M, Esfarjani F, Rostaei R, Khoshfetrat MR, ZK. Anthropometric status of children in public schools in East Tehran. Iran J Nutr Food Sci Food Technol. 2007; 2(2): 43-37. ##5. Rees JM. Nutrition in adolescence. In: Mahan LK, Escott-stump S (eds). Food, nutrition and diet therapy. l0th ed. Philadelphia; 2000.##6. Ortega RM, Requejo M, Andres P, Lopes-sobaler AM, Anderes P, Ortega A, et al. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents. Brit J Nutr. 1995;74(1):765-3.##7. Mirmiran P, Azadbakht L, Azizi F. Predictive indicators of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Res Med. 2003; 27(3):184-75.##8. Thakur N, D\'Amico F. Relationship of nutrition knowledge and obesity in adolescence. Fam Med. 1999; 31(1): 122-7.##9. Bazhan M, Kalantari N, Houshiar-Rad A. Pattern of fat distribution (waist to hip ratio) and its lationship with BMI among high school girls in Lahijan. Endocr Metab Res Center. 2006; 8(2): 168-3.##10. McCarthy HD, Ellis SM, Cole TJ. Central overweight and obesity in British youth aged 11-16 years: Cross - sectional surveys of waist circumference. Brit Med J. 2003; 326: 626-8.##11. Cavalcanti CB1, Barros MV, Menêses AL, Santos CM, Azevedo AM, Guimarães FJ. Abdominal obesity in adolescents: prevalence and association with physical activity and eating habits. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(3):350-6.##12. Rickert V. Adolescent nutrition: Assessment and management. New York: Chapman & Hall; 1996.P. 199-211.##13. Mohamadpor B, Kalantari N, Rashidi A. [The prevalence of obesity in boys and girls high school students in Tehran and other factors associated with it]. J Beheshti Uni Med Sci. 2000;12(4):241-7.(Persian)##14. Azizi F, Allahverdian S, Mirmiran P. Dietary factors and body mass index in a group of Iranian adolescents: Tehran Lipid and glucose. Study 2. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001; 71(1): 123-7.##15. Mohamadpour-Ahrangani B, Rashidi A, Karandish A, Eshraghian MR, Kalantari NM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents Tehranian students, 2000-2001: an epidemic health problem. Public Health Nutr. 2004; 7(5): 642-8.##16. Molarius A, Seidell JC. Selection of anthropometric indicator for classification of abdominal fatness. A critical review. In J Obes. 1998; 22(3): 719-27.##17. Moreno LA, Fleta J, Mur L, Sarria A, Bueno M. Fat distribution in obese and nonobese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998; 27(2): 176-80.##18. Samadi M, Sadrzadeh-Yeganeh H, Azadbakht L, Feizi A, Jafarian K, Sotoudeh G. Dietary calcium intake and risk of obesity in school girls aged 8-10 years. J Res Med Sci. 2012; 17(12): 1102-7.##19. Maddah M1, Eshraghian MR, Djazayery A, Mirdamadi R. Association of body mass index with educational level in Iranian men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(7):819-23.##20. Esfarjani M, Golestan B, Rasoli B, R R, Derakhshani K. [Effect of feeding program on the nutritional knowledge and practice]. Pejouhandeh. 2003; 9(1) :28-1.(Persian)##21. Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Singh Y, Aggarwal R, Grewal K, Mani K. A study of growth parameters and prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children from Delhi. Indian J Pediatr. 2006; 43(11): 943-52.##22. Gupta N1, Shah P, Nayyar S, Misra A. Childhood obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Indian J Pediatr. 2013; 80 Suppl 1:S28-37. ##23. Oliveira CL, Veiga GV, Sichieri R. Anthropometric markers for cardiovascular disease risk factors among overweight adolescents. Nutr Res. 2001; 21(4): 1335-45.##24. Garaulet M, Marin C, Perez-Llamas F, Canterasl M, Tebar FJ, Zamora S. Adiposity and dietary intake in cardiovascular risk in an obese population from a Mediterranean area. J Physiol Biochem. 2004; 60(3): 39-49.##25. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krauses’s food, nutrition and diet therapy. Philadelphia: Saunders;2004.##26. Abtahi M, Jazayeri A, Eshraghian MR, Dorosti AR, Sadrzade H, Pouraram H. [Comparison of overweight and obesity in adolescent girls in your area, south of Tehran and some socio-economic factors associated]. Payesh. 2009; 8(2): 122-13.(Persian)##27. Goodman E1, Adler NE, Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Slap GB, Dolan LM. Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents. Obes Res. 2003; 11(8):1018-26.##28. Booth M, Macaskill P, Lazarus R, Baur LA. Socio demographic distribution of measures of body fatness among children and adolescents in New South Wales, Australia. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999; 23(5):456-62.## ##

The effect of pioglitazone and metformin on non-alcoholic fatty liver: A double blind clinical trial study 2 2 Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is one of the most prevalent digestive diseases in the world and its prevalence is increasing rapidly. The objective of this study was to compare the treatment effect of pioglitazone and metformin on fatty liver. Materials and methods: This double blinded clinical trial study was performed in 2012 among patients referring to gastrointestinal clinics in the city of Ilam. 105 non-alcoholic fatty liver patients were selected and participated in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of metformin and pioglitazone. Using double blinded clinical trial, one group was treated by pioglitazone (30 mg daily) and the other by metformin (500 mg daily) both for 3 months. Then using sonography, the severity of fatty liver was compared in the two groups. Results: Multivariable logistic regression showed that there was no significant difference between the effect of pioglitazone and metformin on the treatment of fatty liver (p=0.92). There was a significant difference between severity of fatty liver and BMI before treatment (p<0.004) but it was not confirmed after the treatment. There was also a significant difference between the severity of fatty liver and gender before treatment (p<0.003) but it was not confirmed after treatment. There was a negative significant relationship between age and the treatment effect of metformin but not in the pioglitazone group. Conclusions: Both pioglitazone and metformin had a notable effect on the treatment of fatty liver solely while there was no significant difference between their effectiveness. The effectiveness of metformin was higher among males compared to that of pioglitazone. 50 55 2013/12/282013/12/302014/02/92013/12/22014/01/32014/01/42013/12/1 1392/9/10 2014/02/12014/02/102014/02/152014/02/12014/02/12014/01/212014/01/21 1392/11/1 Kourosh Sayehmiri Kourosh Sayehmiri Psychosocial Injuries Researches Centre, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran kouresh_sayehmiri@yahoo.com Khairollah Asadollahi Khairollah Asadollahi Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran masoud_1241@yahoo.co.uk Mariam Yaghubi Mariam Yaghubi Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran spectrum_ra@yahoo.co.uk Ghobad Abangah Ghobad Abangah Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran abangah_gh@yahoo.com Hassan Nurmohamadi Hassan Nurmohamadi Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran khairolah@yahoo.com Fatty liver NAFLD pioglitazone metformin 1. Bedogni G, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Castiglione A, Croce LS, Tiribelli C, et al. Incidence and natural course of fatty liver in the general population: the Dionysus study. Hepatology. 2007; 46(5):1387-91.##2. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, Nuremberg P, Horton JD, Cohen JC, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology. 2004; 40(6):1387-95.##3. Farrell GC, Larter CZ. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis Hepatology. 2006; 43(2 Suppl 1):S99-S112. ##4. Fan JG, Li F, Cai XB, Peng YD, Ao QH, Gao Y. The importance of metabolic factors for the increasing prevalence of fatty liver in Shanghai factory workers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22(5):663-8.##5. Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, et al. The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143(10):722-8.##6. Kunde SS, Lazenby AJ, Clements RH, Abrams GA. Spectrum of NAFLD and diagnostic implications of the proposed new normal range for serum ALT in obese women. Hepatology. 2005; 42(3):650-6.##7. Papatheodoridis GV, Goulis J, Christodoulou D, Manolakopoulos S, Raptopoulou M, Andrioti E, et al. High prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in blood donors: associations with male gender and central adiposity. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 19(4):281-7.##8. Park SH, Jeon WK, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Park DI, Cho YK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 21(1 Pt 1):138-43.##9. Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, Darland C, Finch J, Hardies J, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(22): 2297-307.##10. Nair S, Diehl AM, Wiseman M, Farr GH, Jr., Perrillo RP. Metformin in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot open label trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20(1):23-8.##11. Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Isik AT, Ozgurtas T, Deveci S, Tuzun A, et al. Metformin in the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 19(5):537-44.##12. Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, Natale S, Vanni E, Villanova N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100(5):1082-90.##13. Nobili V, Manco M, Ciampalini P, Alisi A, Devito R, Bugianesi E, et al. Metformin use in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label, 24-month, observational pilot study. Clin Ther. 2008; 30(6):1168-76.##14. Aithal GP, Thomas JA, Kaye PV, Lawson A, Ryder SD, Spendlove I, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterol. 2008; 135(4):1176-84.##15. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, Tomassetti S, Zoli M, Melchionda N. Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet. 2001; 358(9285):893-4.##16. Schwimmer JB, Middleton MS, Deutsch R, Lavine JE. A phase 2 clinical trial of metformin as a treatment for non-diabetic paediatric non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 21(7):871-9.##17. Carulli L, Lonardo A, Lombardini S, Marchesini G, Loria P. Gender, fatty liver and GGT. Hepatology. 2006; 44(1):278-9.##18. Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, Freedman RJ, Soza A, Heller T, et al. A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2004; 39(1):188-96.##19. Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, Darland C, Finch J, Hardies J, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(22):2297-307.##20. Chalasani NP, Sanyal AJ, Kowdley KV, Robuck PR, Hoofnagle J, Kleiner DE, et al. Pioglitazone versus vitamin E versus placebo for the treatment of non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: PIVENS trial design. Contemp Clin Trials. 2009; 30(1):88-96.##Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, Natale S, Vanni E, Villanova N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100(5):1082-90.## ##

Simultaneous Determination of Brilliant Blue FCF and Carmoisine in Food Samples by Aqueous Two-Phase System and Spectrophometric Detection 2 2 A novel, simple and more sensitive spectrophotometric procedure has been developed for the determination of Brilliant blue FCF and Carmoisine in food samples by an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). After extraction, the absorbance values were measured at 527 and 632 nm for Carmoisine and Brilliant blue FCF, respectively. The effects of different parameters such as, polyethylene glycol (type and amount), pH, salt (type and amount), and temperature were investigated and optimum conditions were established. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 0.1-120 ng mL-1 and 0.2-260 ng mL-1for Carmoisine and Brilliant blue FCF, respectively. Under optimum conditions, detection limit based on three times the standard deviation of the blank (3Sb) was 0.014 ng mL-1 for Carmoisine and 0.017 ng mL-1 for Brilliant blue FCF. The relative standard deviation (RSD) at concentration level of 30 ng mL-1 was 3.17% and 1.87% for Carmoisine and Brilliant blue FCF, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of target analytes in spiked samples with satisfactory results. 56 65 2013/12/282013/12/302014/02/92013/12/22014/01/32014/01/42013/12/12013/12/11 1392/9/20 2014/02/12014/02/102014/02/152014/02/12014/02/12014/01/212014/01/212014/06/1 1393/3/11 Moayd Avazpour Moayd Avazpour Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam Iran m_f_1859@yahoo.com Sabah Shiri Sabah Shiri Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam Iran sabahshiri5@yahoo.com Ali Delpisheh Ali Delpisheh Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran alidelpisheh@yahoo.com Ali mohamad Abbasi Ali mohamad Abbasi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam Iran am.abbasi@yahoo.com spectrophotometric Carmoisine Brilliant blue FCF food samples ATPS 1. Bolel P, Halder M. Fluorescence quenching of carmoisine by viologens in neat methanol: Observation of inversion in quenching. Chem Phys Lett. 2011; 507(4-6): 234-239.##2. Gosetti F, Gianotti V, Angioi S, Polati S, Marengo E, Gennaro MC. Oxidative degradation of food dye E133 Brilliant Blue FCF Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry identification of the degradation pathway. J Chromatogr A. 2004; 1054(1-2):379-87.##3. Gupta V K, Mittal A, Malviya A, Mittal J. Adsorption of carmoisine A from waste water using waste materials-Bottom ash and deoiled soya. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009; 335(1):24-33.##4. Snehalatha M, Ravikumar C, Hubert Joea I, Sekar N, Jayakumar V S. Spectroscopic analysis and DFT calculations of a food additive Carmoisine. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2009;72(3):654-62.##5. Yam K L, Papadakis S E. A simple digital imaging method for measuring and analyzing color of food surfaces. J Food Engineer. 2004; 61(1): 137-42.##6. Chanlon S, Joly-Pottuz L, Chatelut M, Vittori O, Cretier J L. Determination of Carmoisine, Allura red and Ponceau 4R in sweets and soft drinks by Differential Pulse Polarography. J Food Compo Anal. 2005; 18(6): 503-15.##7. Garcia-Falcon MS, Simal-Gandara J. Determination of food dyes in soft drinks containing natural pigments by liquid chromatography with minimal clean-up. Food Control. 2005; 16(3): 293-7.##8. Mittal A. Use of hen feathers as potential adsorbent for the removal of a hazardous dye, Brilliant Blue FCF, from wastewater. J Hazard Mater. 2006; 128(2-3):233-9.##9. Amin KA, Abdel Hameid H. Abd Elsttar AH. Effect of food azo dyes tartrazine and carmoisine on biochemical parameters related to renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress biomarkers in young male rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(10):2994-9.##10. Sorouraddin MH, Rostami A, Saadati M. A simple and portable multi-colour light emitting diode based photocolourimeter for the analysis of mixtures of five common food dyes. Food Chem. 2011; 127(1): 308-13.##11. Maloney JP, Halbower AC, Fouty B F, Fagan KA, Balasubramaniam V, Pike A W, Fennessey P V, Moss M, Engl N. Systemic absorption of food dye in patients with sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(14):1047-8.##12. Maloney JP, Ryan TA, Brasel KJ, Binion DG, Johnson DR, Halbower AC, et al. Food dye use in enteral feedings: A review and a callfor a moratorium. Nutr Clin Pract. 2002;17(3):169-81.##13. Combeau S, Chatelut M, Vittori O. Identification and simultaneous determination of Azorubin, Allura red and Ponceau 4R by differential pulse polarography: application to soft drinks. Talanta. 2002;56(1):115-22. ##14. Prado MA, Boas LFV, Bronze MR, Godoy HT. Validation of methodology for simultaneous determination of synthetic dyes in alcoholic beverages by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A. 2006;1136(2):231-6.##15. Tripathi M, Khanna SK, Das M. A novel method for the determination of synthetic colors in ice cream samples. J AOAC Int. 2004 ; 87(3): 657-63.##16. Florian M, Yamanaka H, Carneiro P A, Zanoni MVB. Determination of brilliant blue FCF in the presence and absence of erythrosine and quinoline yellow food colours by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19(9):803-9.##17. He Ch, Li Sh, Liu H, Li K, Li Liu F. Extraction of testosterone and epitestosterone in human urine using aqueous two-phase systems of ionic liquid and salt. J Chromatogr A. 2005;1082(2):143-9.##18. Porto TS, Medeiros e Silva GM, Porto C S, Cavalcanti MTH, Neto BB, et al. Liquid–liquid extraction of proteases from fermented broth by PEG/citrate aqueous two-phase system. Chem Eng Process 2008; 47(4): 716-21.##19. Li Zh, Pei Y, Wang H, Fan J, Wang J. Ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase systems and their applications in green separation processes. Anal Chim Acta. 2011;685(2):138-45.##20. Yoshioka N, Ichihashi K. Determination of 40 synthetic food colors in drinks and candies by high-performance liquid chromatography using a short column with photodiode array detection. Talanta. 2008;74(5):1408-13.## ##