Determination of vancomycin and methicillin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals of Ilam city 2 2 Introduction: In this study, using the phenotypic and genotypic methods, oxacillin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains isolated from patients at two government hospitals in Ilam, Iran was tested. Materials and methods: Out of 200 S. aureus isolates from different human clinical specimens consisting of blood (31%), wound (20%), urine (21%), catheters (7%), sputum (12%), others (9%) were collected. The methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates were investigated using disk diffusion methods and oxacillin (1μg) and cefoxitin (30μg), on Mueller-Hinton agar were used, and MecA and vanA genes were detected by PCR. In addition, the isolates were tested for their antibiogram profiles. Results: Among 200 S. aureus strains included in this study, 35.96% were MRSA. The percentage of resistance by disk diffusion method was as below: penicillin 85.96%, vancomycin 0%, ampicillin 87.71%, gentamicin 48.25% erythromycin 54.25%, clindamycin 32.45%, amikacin 21.05%, ciprofloxacin 42.10%, tetracycline 51.75% and co-trimoxazole 42.10%. Phenotyping method by disk diffusion method using oxacillin and cefoxitin for detecting of MRSA showed sensitivity and specificity of about 33.33% and 35.96%, respectively. Presence of MecA and vanA genes in MRSA isolates by PCR were 35.96% and 0%, respectively. The oxacillin and cefoxitin disk diffusion methods showed 92.68% and 100% sensitivity, respectively, and 98.8% specificity. Conclusion: Our finding showed that, the cefoxitin disk diffusion method is better in compared to the oxacillin disk diffusion similar to results from detecting of MecA gene in PCR as a golden test. 1 6 2015/11/9 1394/8/18 2016/01/20 1394/10/30 Arman Rostamzad Arman Rostamzad Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran arostamzad381@yahoo.com Nabi Rostamneia Nabi Rostamneia Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran nabi.biology@gmail.com Fazel Pourahmad Fazel Pourahmad School of Veterinary Medicine, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran f.pourahmad@ilam.ac.ir Morteza Shamsi Morteza Shamsi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran arostamzad381@yahoo.com Staphylococcus aureus MecA Methicillin Vancomycin 1. Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999–2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13(12): 1840-6. ##2. Duarte CO, Hermínia DL. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002; 46(7): 2155-61. ##3. Oliveira DC, Tomasz A, de Lencastre H. Secrets of success of a human pathogen: molecular evolution of pandemic clones of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2002; 2(8): 180–9.##4. Andrea JG, Eva Leitner, Gerhard M, Egon M, Harald HK. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and simultaneous confirmation by automated nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40(7): 2392-7. ##5. Alsaimary IEA. Antibiogram and multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) associated with post-operative wound infections in Basrah – Iraq. Med Pract Rev. 2011; 2(6): 66-72. ##6. Malathi J, Sowmiya M, Margarita S, Madhavan HN, K. Lily TK. Application of PCR based - RFLP for species identification of ocular isolates of methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS). Ind J Med Res. 2009; 130(4): 78-84. ##7. CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests; approved standard. Document M02-A11.10th ed. 2011. CLSI. ##8. Saeidi S, Ghamgosha M, Taheri RA , Shiri Y, Solouki M, Hassanpour K, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Zabol, Iran. J Coast Life Med. 2014; 2(9), 732-7. ##9. Derek FGB. Detection of methicillin/oxacillin resistant in staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001; 48(1): 65-70.##10. Pereira VC, Martins A, de Souza Rugolo LM, de Lourdes R, de Souza da Cunha M. Detection of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the neonatal and pediatric units of a Brazilian teaching hospital. Clin Med Pediatr. 2009; 3(4): 23–31.##11. Shirzadi M, Rostamzad A. Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles and molecular methods for diagnosis of campylobacter species causing children gastrointestinal in Bahonar hospital in Karaj. World J Pharma Pharm Sci. 2015; 4(5): 260-8.##12. Farhadian A, Behzadian NQ, Najar Peerayeh S, Rahbar M, Vaziri F. Determination of vancomycin and methicillin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Iranian hospitals. Br Microb Res J. 2014; 4(4): 454-61. ##13. Cekoveska Z, Panoveski N, Petroveska M. Methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus: comparison of susceptibility test methods with MecA gene analysis for determining oxacillin (methicillin) resistance in our clinical isolates. Bratisl Lik Listy. 2005; 106(4): 163-7. ##14. Saha B, Singh AK, Ghosh A, Bal M. Identification and characterization of a vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kolkata (South Asia). J Med Microbiol. 2008; 57(1): 72–9.##15. Utsui Y, Yokota T. Role of an altered pencillin binding protein in methcillin and cephem resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.1985; 28(3): 397-403.##16. Mohajeri P, Izadi B, Rezaei M, Farahani A. [Frequency distribution of hospital-acquired MRSA nasal carriage among hospitalized patients in west of Iran.] Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2013; 6(6): 1-11.(Persian) ##17. Salimnia H, Brown WJ. Detection of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: comparison of phoenix oxacillin and cefoxitin MICs, MicroScan oxacillin MIC, oxacillin and cefoxitin disk diffusion, and MecA gene detection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 32 (3): 1-4.##18. Japoni A, Alborzi A, Rasouli M, Pourabbas B. Modified DNA extraction for rapid PCR detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Iran Biomed. J. 2004; 8 (3): 161-5.##19. Izadi M, Zamani MM, Mousavi SA, Mostafa Sadat SM, Siami Z, Vais Ahmadi N, et al. Is vancomycine still a choice for chronic osteomyelitis empirical therapy in Iran? Iran Red Cres Med J. 2012;10(2): 1-5. ##20. Fernandes CJ, Fernandes LA, Collingnon P. Cefoxitin resistance as a surrogate marker for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005; 55(1): 506–10.##21. Velasco D, del Mar Tomas M, Cartelle M, Beceiro A, Perez A, Molina F, et al. Evaluation of different methods for detecting methicillin (oxacillin) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrobiol Chemother. 2005; 55(1): 379–82.##22. Skov R, Smyth R, Larsen AR, Frimodt-Moller N, Kahlmeter G. Evaluation of cefoxitin 5 and 10 μg disks for the detection of methicillin resistance in staphylococci. J Antimicrobiol Chemother. 2005; 55(1):157–61.##23. Cauwelier B, Gordts B, Descheemaecker P, Van Landuyt H. Evaluation of a disk diffusion method with cefoxitin (30 μg) for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Eu J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004; 23(5): 389–92.## ##

Assessment and modeling of chlorine release in urban region: A case study in water supply of Eyvan city, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Today, with development of various industries, the adverse events originated from explosion and emission of toxic and chemical substances have increased. These events may cause serious environmental problems that threaten human health and safety. Therefore, knowledge about the risk of toxic substances from industrial facilities is essential. Although, chlorine is extensively utilized in water treatment as a disinfectant and some chemical processes as an oxidizing agent, it can lead to some concerns in environmental issues. Materials and methods: In this study, distribution of chlorine in the water supply of Eyvan city from Ilam province, Iran, and its surrounding areas is evaluated and high-risk regions are defined by Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST) specialized software. Results: The modeling results showed that the cloud of chlorine is about 1220 m across just downwind of the release for the first scenario (rupture of a chlorine vessel) in the summer; however, the probability of fatality is 100 % in a whole year in a distance of 40 m from the vessel. For the second scenario (rupture of pipeline including the chlorine gas) the human death mostly occurs in a distance of 25 m from the pipeline with the probability of 2.8 % in the summer due to low rate of released gas. Conclusion: As an important result, the land around the chlorination unit covering a distance of approximately 1220 m is vulnerable and risk prevention in that region should be accounted for. 7 14 2015/11/92015/07/12 1394/4/21 2016/01/202015/08/26 1394/6/4 Seyyed Hossein Hosseini Seyyed Hossein Hosseini Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran hosseini49@yahoo.com Consequence assessment Chlorine release Modeling PHAST 1. Moro AM, Charao M, Brucker N, Bulcao R, Freitas F, Guerreiro G. Effects of low-level exposure to xenobiotics present in paints on oxidative stress in workers. Sci Total Environ. 2010; 408(20): 4461-7.##2. Tseng JM, Su TS, Kuo CY. Consequence evaluation of toxic chemical releases by ALOHA. Proc Eng. 2012; 45(1): 384-9.##3. Buckley RL, Hunter CH, Werth DW, Whiteside MT, Chen KF, Mazzola CA. A case study of chlorine transport and fate following a large accidental release. Atmos Environ. 2012; 62(1):184-8.##4. Moloudi R, Esfahani JA. Modeling of gas release following pipeline rupture: Proposing non-dimensional correlation. J Loss Prevent Proc. 2014; 32(1):207–17.##5. Botros KK, Geerligs J, Rothwell B, Carlson L, Fletcher L, Venton P.Transferability of decompression wave speed measured by a small-diametershock tube to full size pipelines and implications for determining required fracture propagation resistance. Int J Press Vessel Pip. 2010; 87(12):681-95.##6. Egidi D, Foraboschi FP, Spadoni GE, Amendola A. The ARIPAR project: analysis of the major accident risks connected with industrial and transportation activities in the Ravenna area. Reliab Eng Syst Safe. 1995; 49(1):75–89.##7. Hubert P, Pages P. Risk management for hazardous materials transportation: a local study in Lyons. Risk Anal. 1989;9(4):445–51.##8. Deaves DM, Gilham S, Mitchell BH, Woodburn P, Shepherd AM. Modeling of catastrophic ﬂashing releases. J Hazard Mater.2001; 88(1):1–32.##9. Rao PG, Raghavan KV. Hazard and risk potential of chemical handling at ports. J Loss Prevent Proc. 1996; 9(3):199–204.##10. Khan FI, Abbasi SA. Risk analysis of a typical chemical industry using ORA procedure. J Loss Prevent Proc. 2001;14(1):43–59.##11. Saat MR, Werth CJ, Schaeffer D, Yoon H, Barkan CPL. Environmental risk analysis of hazardous material rail transportation. J Hazard Mater. 2014; 264(-):560–9.##12. Guideline for consequence analysis of chemical releases. 3rd ed. New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center of Chemical Process Safety; 1999.##13. Hanna S, Chang J. Gaps in toxic industrial chemical (TIC) model system. New York: 12th Conference on Harmonization within Atmospheric; 2008.##14. Galal-Gorchev H. Chlorine in water disinfection. Pure Appl Chem. 1996; 68(9):1731-5.##15. Hanna S, Dharmavaram S. Comparison of six widely-used dense gas dispersion models for three actual railcar accidents, Portugal: ITM2007; 2007.##16. Pandya N, Marsden E. Toxic release dispersion modeling with PHAST: parametric sensitivity analysis. Italy: 3rd International Conference on Safety & Environment in Process Industry; 2008.##17. Guarnaccia J, Hoppe T, Off-site toxic consequence assessment: A Simplified modeling procedure and case study. J Hazard Mater. 2007; 159(1):177-84.##18. Yu Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ma WC, Chen LM. Safety distance assessment of industrial toxic releases based on frequency and consequence: A case study in Shanghai, China. J Hazard Mater. 2009; 168(2-3):955–61.##19. Moussa MI, Eid T. Risk management for chlorine producing factory in Egypt. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2007; 1(3):239-48.##20. Pandya N, Gabas N, Marsden E. Sensitivity analysis of Phast’s atmospheric dispersion model for three toxic materials (nitric oxide, ammonia, chlorine). J Loss Prevent Proc. 2012; 25(1):20–32.##21. Haghnazarloo H, Parvini M, Lotfollahi MN. Consequence modeling of a real rupture of toluene storage tank. J Loss Prevent Proc. 2015; 37(1):11–8.## ##

Evaluating the effect of exercise and nutrition on bone density in rats 2 2 Introduction: The aim of this research was to study the effect of a 6-week supplemented diet on increasing bone density by measuring calcium, phosphorus and bone mineral density (BMD) in male rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 24 Wistar male rats, aged between 15 and 20 days, were selected. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: immune system supplement (ISS), ISS plus exercise and control. Daily swimming was performed by time-increasing (starting from ten minutes and ten minutes was added each day and was fixed at sixty minutes). Supplements strengthening the immune system containing calcium and phosphorus were given to rats (5g/kg/day). After six weeks, BMD was measured using bone densitometer. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine and blood samples were gathered in order to separate their serum. The serum samples were used to measure calcium, phosphorus by the ELISA method. Results: The results showed that in both groups (ISS plus exercise and ISS), BMD was higher than the control group. The highest level of calcium, phosphorus and BMD was seen in the group whose members were ISS plus exercise group. In contrast, the least amount of the mentioned markers was reported in the control group. Conclusion: The results indicate a small but positive effect of ISS on whole body BMD in male rat; also results indicate the combination of exercise and proper nutrition was more effective on increasing the bone density in comparison with the proper nutrition sedentary group. 15 20 2015/11/92015/07/122015/06/29 1394/4/8 2016/01/202015/08/262015/09/13 1394/6/22 Fatemeh Piri Fatemeh Piri Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran piri1988@yahoo.com Afra khosravi Afra khosravi Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran afrakhosravi@yahoo.co.uk Siamak Derakhshan Siamak Derakhshan Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kourdestan University of Medical Sciences, Kourdestan, Iran siamakderakhsha@yahoo.comn Kourosh Sayehmiri Kourosh Sayehmiri Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran koroushsayehmiri@yahoo.com Ardeshir Moayeri Ardeshir Moayeri Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran moayeri46@yahoo.com Calcium BMD Phosphorus Exercise 1. Wagner EF, Karsenty G. Genetic control of skeletal development. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2001; 11(5):527-32.##2. Anderson JJ. The important role of physical activity in skeletal development: how exercise may counter low calcium intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(6):1384-6.##3. Carter DR. Mechanical loading histories and cortical bone remodeling. Calcif Tissue Int. 1984; 36(1):19-24 .##4. Davies J.H, Evans B.A.J & Gregory J.W. Bone Mass Acquisition in Healthy Children. Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90(4): 373-8.##5. Cassell C, Benedict M, Specker B. Bone mineral density in elite 7- to 9-yr-old female gymnasts and swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28(10):1243-6.##6. Moreira LD, Longo de Oliveira M. Effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women. Arq Bras Endocrinol. 2014; 58(5):514-22.##7. Chowdhur B. Effects of exercise training on bone mineral density of different aged postmenopausal women in India. Int J Healthcare Biomed Res. 2014; 2(3):180-85.##8. Bushinsky DA. Acid-base imbalance and the skeleton. Eur J Nutr. 2001; 40(1):238-44.##9. Remer T, Manz F. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. Am J Dietetic Assoc. 1995; 95(7):791-7.##10. Buclin T, Cosma M, Appenzeller M, Jacquet A.F. Diet acids and alkalis influence calcium retention in bone. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(1):493-9.##11. Maurer M, Riesen W, Muser J. Neutralization of western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol. 2003; 284(1):32-40.##12. Mühlbauer RC. Effect of vegetableg on bone metabolism. Nature. 1999; 40(1): 343-4.##13. Mühlbauer RC, Lozano A, Reinli A. Various selected vegetables, fruits, mushrooms and red wine residue inhibit bone resorption in rats. J Nutt. 2003; 133(11):3592-7.##14. John V, Hock JM, Short LL, Glasebrook AL, Galvin RJ. A role for CD8+ T lymphocytes in osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Endocrinology. 1996;137(6):2457-63.##15. Li Y, Toraldo G, Li A, Yang X, Zhang H, Qian WP, Weitzmann MN. B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo. Blood. 2007; 521(9):3839-48.##16. Grcević D, Lee SK, Marusić A, Lorenzo JA. Depletion of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in mice in vivo enhances 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated osteoclast-like cell formation in vitro by a mechanism that is dependent on prostaglandin synthesis. J Immunol. 2000;165(8):4231-8.##17. Vento PJ, Swartz ME, Martin LB, Food intake in laboratory rats provided standard and fenbendazole-supplemented diets. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2008;47(6):46-50.##18. Shen J, Fox LE, Cheng J. Swim therapy reduces mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction nerve injury in rats. Pain Med. 2013; 14(4): 516-25.##19. Anderson JJ, Tylavsky FA, Halioua L. Determinants of peak bone mass in young adult women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005; 23(6):470-5.##20. Heyse SP, Sartori L, Crepaldi G. Epidemiology of osteoporosis: a study of fracture mortality in Italy. Calcif Tissue Int. 1990; 46(5): 289-93.##21. Obrant KJ, Bengner U, Johnell O. Increasing age-adjusted risk of fragility fractures: a sign of increasing osteoporosis in successive generations? Calcif Tissue Int. 1989;44(3):157-67.##22. Pacifici R. The immune system and bone. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;503(1):41-53.##23. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willette WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. J Am Med Assoc. 2002; 287(1):47-54.##24. Melhus H, Michaelsson K. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture. An Int Med. 1998; 129(10):770-8.##25. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Kiel DP. The acid-base hypothesis: diet and bone in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Eur J Nutr. 2001; 40(5):231–7.##26. Borrer KT. Physical activity in the prevention and amelioration of osteoporosis in women. Sport med. 2005; 35 (9):779-830.##27. Choktanasiri. Bone mineral density in primary and secondary amenorrhea. J Med. 2000; 83(12): 243-2.##28. Gibson JH. Nutritional and exercise-related determination of loose: Density elite female runners. Osteoporosis Int. 2004; 15(12):611-8.##29. Kemmler W, Lauber D, Weineck J. Benefits of 2 years of intense exercise on bone density physical fitness and blood lipids in early post postmenopausal osteopenc women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(10):1084-91.##30. Yeh JK, Aloia JF. Effect of physical activity on calcitropic hormones and calcium balance in rats. Am J Physiol. 1990;258(2 Pt 1):E263-8.##31. Chen MM, Yeh JK, Aloia JF, Tierney JM, Sprintz S. Effect of treadmill exercise on tibial cortical bone in aged female rats: a histomorphometry and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry study. Bone. 1994;15(3):313-9.##32. Smith EL. Role of physical activity in regulation and maintenance of bone. Am Soc Bone Mineral Res. 2009; 55(1):323-26.## ##

Determination of corrosion and scaling levels of drinking water in distribution system: A study in Sarableh city (Ilam), western of Iran 2 2 Introduction: Corrosion and scaling of water in distribution systems in spite of imposing economic and aesthetic problems can lead to adverse effects on consumers;#39 health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the corrosion and scaling of water distribution system of Sarableh city (Ilam, Iran) during summer and winter seasons in 2014. Materials and methods: Totally, 60 samples of water (30 samples in each season) in 30 points of the distribution system were analyzed in terms of temperature, calcium hardness, alkalinity, TDS (total dissolved solids), pH, and DO (dissolved oxygen). Then, the corrosion and scaling of water were determined by various indices. Results: The results of the indices showed that the quality of drinking water in Sarableh city water distribution system had a medium corrosion rate. Conclusion: According to the results, it is needed to take some measures for stabilizing water before entering drinking water into the distribution system in order to prevent various health problems for consumers. 21 27 2015/11/92015/07/122015/06/292015/11/16 1394/8/25 2016/01/202015/08/262015/09/132016/01/15 1394/10/25 Heshmatollah Nourmoradi Heshmatollah Nourmoradi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran ilam_nourmoradi@yahoo.com Seyed Ahmad Mirbagheri Seyed Ahmad Mirbagheri Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Tehran Azad University, Branch of Sciences and Researches, Tehran, Iran hamedmirbagheri@yahoo.com Kambiz Moradnejadi Kambiz Moradnejadi Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Tehran Azad University, Branch of Sciences and Researches, Tehran, Iran Moradnejadi123@yahoo.com Faroogh Kazembeigi Faroogh Kazembeigi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran m_shamsizad@yahoo.com Mashallah Shamsizad Mashallah Shamsizad Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Tehran Azad University, Branch of Sciences and Researches, Tehran, Iran m_shamsizad@yahoo.com Water Distribution System Corrosion Scaling Sarableh 1. Rezaee Kalantari R, Yari AR, Azari A, Ahmadic E, Azari A, et al. Survey of corrosion and scaling potential in drinking water resources of the villages in Qom province by use of four stability indexes (with quantitative and qualitative analysis). Arch Hyg Sci. 2013;2(4):127-34.##2. ASTM. Standard test methods for corrosivity of water in the Absence of heat transfer. 1994. Designation: D2688-92. ##3. Jafari MA, Fallah F, Hassani AH. Investigating the hygiene of anzali drinking water resources for corrosion and precipitation potentials using corrosion indexes. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2011;20(79):90-6.##4. Shahmansoori M, Pourmoghadas H, Shams G. Survey of Micro Pollutant of Pipes Corrosion in the Water Distribution System. J Res Med Sci. 2008;8(2): 1-7.##5. Davil M, Mahvi A, Norouzi M, Amarloei A, Mazloomi S. Survey of corrosion and scaling potential produced water from Ilam water treatment plant. World Appl Sci J. 2009;7(11):11-24.##6. Dehghani M, Tex F, Zamanian Z. Assessment of the potential of scale formation and corrosivity of tap water resources and the network distribution system in Shiraz, South Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;15;13(2):88-94.##7. Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Fezi Razi D. the guideline of Drinking Water quality. 2nd ed. Tehran: The cultural Physicals Organization; 2006. 34-39. ##8. Geldreich E. Microbial quality of Water suply in distribution System. Florida: CRC press; 2012.##9. Schock MR. Internal corrosion and deposition control. In Association AWW (Ed) Water Quality and Treatment: A Handbook of Community Water Supplies. 1999. Philadelphia; Mcgraw-Hill. 1-17.##10. Hosseinian M, Mirsadeghi J. Corrosion and its control within water distribution systems. J Water Environ. 1998;28(1):1-8.##11. Hoseinzadeh E, Yusefzadeh A, Rahimi N, Khorsandi H. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potential of a water treatment plant. Arch Hyg Sci. 2013;2(2):41-7.##12. Davis CE. Economic analyses at EPA: Assessing regulatory impact: Edited by Richard D. Morgenstern Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1997.##13. American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Ed. Washington DC. 2005.##14. Rostami, A, Najafi, M. Investigation on corrosion and scaling potential of Shahre kord drinking water resources. 16th National Congress of Environmental Health. 2013.##15. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales, Geneva 27, CH-1211 Switzerland, 2004.##16. Edwards M. Controlling corrosion in drinking water distribution systems: a grand challenge for the 21st century. Water Sci Technol. 2004; 49(2):1-8.##17. Teimouri F, Sadeghi M, Dress F, Hashemi H, Shakeri K, Rezaei S. Survey of Corrosion or Scaling Potential of Resources, Storage and Distribution of Wate Supply System in Kian by using Langlier and Rizne Indexes. Health Sys Res. 2012; 8(1):78-84.##18. Nawrocki J, Raczyk-Stanisławiak U, Świetlik J, Olejnik A, Sroka MJ. Corrosion in a distribution system: Steady water and its composition. Water Res. 2010;31;44(6):1863-72.##19. Dargahi A, Maleki P, Gholizadeh F, Jedi Z. Investigation on water corrosion and scaling in Kermanshah distribution system. 6th student congress, Ardebil University of Medical Sciences. 2014.##20. Pasban A, Attamaleki A. Yanigh A, Ghorbanpour R, Tourkanlo H. Survey on corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water in water distribution system in Bojnourd 2011-2012. 8th Student National Conference Environmental Health of Iran. 2013.## ##

Determination of fluoride concentration in drinking water and its relation with DMFT: A case study in Hormozgan, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Over twenty developed and developing countries have regions with endemic floursis, on the other hand tooth decay as an infectious disease in human societies is reported to occur due to the shortage of fluoride in water. Since decayed, missing, and filled teeth DMFT is considered a 52 -character indicator in health equity, the present research aims at studying the relationship between the concentration of fluoride and other variables such as location, parents’ employments, visiting dentist, tooth brushing, and using mouth washes with DMFT index in Haji Abad, Hormozgan. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study. Where the population included 12-14 year old students from Haji Abad, Iran. The sample size of 336 subjects obtained using the calculation method of descriptive samples in the finite population situation and considering the coefficient interval of 95%.They were measured using SPADNS method The samples were conducted in triplicates and the average values were considered.Then the measured samples were coded using SPSS16 software and finally the coefficient correlation test as well as regression analysis was carried out. Results: DMFT index was the average of 1.4±0.53 and the concentration of fluoride was the average of 0.82±0.29 In the present study, the coefficient value between fluoride concentration and DMFT was equal to 0.929 (Pierson correlation coefficient P<0.001).The study showed that the variables such as location, parents’ employments, visiting dentist, tooth brushing, and using mouth washes has a significant relation with DMFT index. Conclusion: The study showed that there was a direct relationship between concentration of Fluoride and DMFT; meaning that with the increase of fluoride DMFT increases. It occurs due to underlying variables such as location, parents’ employments, visiting dentist, tooth brushing, and using mouth washes which have a significant relation with DMFT and caused the water role faded in this region. 28 36 2015/11/92015/07/122015/06/292015/11/162015/06/10 1394/3/20 2016/01/202015/08/262015/09/132016/01/152015/10/22 1394/7/30 Kavoos Dindarloo Kavoos Dindarloo Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University Of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran kdindarloo@yahoo.com Hamzaha Ali Jamali Hamzaha Ali Jamali Department of Environmental Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran jamalisadraei@yahoo.com Parvin Lakbala Parvin Lakbala Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of Paramedicine, Hormozgan University Of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran plakbala@hums.ac.ir Hakimeh Valizade Hakimeh Valizade Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University Of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran h-valizadah@yahoo.com Mohsen Azad Mohsen Azad Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of Paramedicine, Hormozgan University Of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran m-azad@yahoo.com Hamid Mahmodi Hamid Mahmodi Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of Paramedicine, Hormozgan University Of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran H-Mahmodi@yahoo.com Fluoride Water treatment Haji Abad Hormozgan province DMFT index 1. Liu A, Ming J, Ankumah RO. Nitrate contamination in private wells in rural Alabama, United States, Sci Tot Environ. 2005; 346 (1–3): 112-20.##2. Goswami A, Purkait MK. Removal of ﬂuoride from drinking water using nanomagnetite aggregated schwert mannite. J Water Pro Eng. 2014; 1: 91-100.##3. Kravchenko J, Rango T, Akushevich I, Atlawd B, McCornick PG, Merola R B, et al. The effect of non-ﬂuoride factors on risk of dental ﬂuorosis: Evidence from rural populations of the Main Ethiopian Rift, Sci Total Environ. 2014; 595 (4):600-6.##4. Garcia Sanchez JJ, Solache-Ríos M, Martínez-Miranda V, Solís Morelos C. Removal of ﬂuoride ions from drinking water and ﬂuoride solutions by aluminum modiﬁed iron oxides in a column system. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013; 407: 410-5.##5. Sandoval MA, Fuentes R, Nava JL, Rodríguez I. Fluoride removal from drinking water by electrocoagulation in a continuous ﬁlter press reactor coupled to a ﬂocculator and clariﬁer. Sep Pur Technol. 2014; 134(1): 163-70.##6. Chai L, Wang Y, Zhao N, Yang W, You X. Sulfate-doped Fe3O4/Al2O3 nanoparticles as a novel adsorbent for ﬂuoride removal from drinking water, Water Res. 2013; 47(12):4040-9.##7. Biswas K, Gupta K, Go swami A, Ghosh UC. Fluoride removal efﬁciency from aqueous solution by synth etic iron (III) - aluminum (III) - chromium (III) ternary mixed oxide. Desalination 2010; 255: 44-51.##8. Bhatnagar A, Kumar E, Sillanpa M. Fluoride removal from water by adsorption - a review. Chem Eng J. 2011; 171(1): 811-40.##9. Aurrelio Peresa M, Simara Fernandes L, Glazer Peres K. Inequality of water fluoridation in Southern Brazil-the inverse equity hypothesis revisited, Soc Sci Med. 2004; 58(2) : 1181-9.##10. Liu HY, Hung HC, Hsiao SY, Chen HS, Yen YY, Huang ST, et al. Impact of 24-month fluoride tablet program on children with disabilities in a non-fluoridation country., Res Develop Disabil. 2013; 34(9): 2598-605.##11. Wang Binbin Zeng B, Zhai C, Yu G, Liu X. Relationship between fluoride in drinking water and dental health of residents in some large cities in china. Environ Int. 2004; 30(1): 1067-3.##12. Basir L, Khanah Masjedi M, Haghigh MH, Neemati AS. [Comparative study of fluorosis and its relation to fluoride concentration in drinking water resources (Maroon, Karoon and Karkheh rivers) among 12-14 years old students of Khuzestan province in 2002.] J Dent Sch Shahid Beheshti Uni. 2006; 24(1):14-23.( Persian)##13. Shidfar F, Aghilinejad M, Amery A, Motavalian SA, Radfar A, Hoseini S. [Determination of DMF index among workers of industrial of Ilam, Iran and its relation with fluoride content of potable water.] Iran Occupa Health J. 2007; 4(3-4): 64-8.( Persian)##14. APHA, AWWA, WPCF. Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, DC, 2005: PP: 459-64.##15. Dobaradaran S, Mahvi AH, Dehdasti S, Vakil D. Drinking water fluoride and chid dental in Dashtestan, Iran. Res Report Fluoride. 2008; 41(3):220-6.##16. Jones CM, Worthington H. water fluoridation, poverty and tooth decay in 12 years old children. J Dent. 2000; 28(6): 389-93. ##17. Ashrafizade S, Soori H, Ashrafizade M. Assessment of oral hygiene status (DMFT) of twelve years old children in Ahvaz, Iran. Sci Med J Ahvaz Univ Med Sci. 2002; (34): 66-75.##18. Lida T, Somaeh S, Hamid F. Assessment of DMFT index among of twelve student in Qom. J Dent, shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci. 2005; 23(1): 467-74.## ##

Health promoting hospitals: A case study in Iran 2 2 Introduction: Hospitals are the best ground for providing health promotion and prevention services besides health care services. This study aimed to determine the impact of establishing standards of health promoting hospitals on hospitals;#39 indicators in one of the public hospitals of Iran. Materials and methods: This research was a case-control study that included Fatemieh (case group) and Khatam-Al-Anbia (control group) hospitals. The standards of health promoting hospitals were established as independent variables in the case hospital. The collected data were related to the indicators of neonatal mortality, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), patient satisfaction and patient education in both hospitals in the second half of 1391(2012-2013) and the first half of 1392(2013). Then, SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data through Chi-Square and t tests and the results were displayed as comparing tables. Results: With regard to establishing standards of health promoting hospitals in the case hospital the total score of these standards was 72.26±4.1. The results indicated that establishing health promoting standards did not affect the neonatal mortality rate while it significantly affected success of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, patient satisfaction and the mean scores of patient education (P=0.001). Conclusion: Preliminary results after establishing standards of health promoting hospitals represented positive effects in the case hospital and these standards led to improvement of some indicators. 37 44 2015/11/92015/07/122015/06/292015/11/162015/06/102015/07/5 1394/4/14 2016/01/202015/08/262015/09/132016/01/152015/10/222015/10/22 1394/7/30 Maryam Azarnoosh Maryam Azarnoosh Department of English Language Teaching, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, Iran shima.naderi68@gmail.com Mohammad Amiri Mohammad Amiri School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran shima.naderi68@gmail.com Leila Riahi Leila Riahi Department of Health Services Management, Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran shima.naderi68@gmail.com Ahmad Khosravi Ahmad Khosravi Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran shima.naderi68@gmail.com Shima Naderi Shima Naderi Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, Iran shima.naderi68@gmail.com Health promotion Health promoting hospital Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Patient satisfaction 1. Didarloo A, Shojaeizadeh D, Ahmadi B. [Health Promotion in Hospitals, the Challenges facing the Health Care System]. Health Work J. 2008; (2): 19-27 .(Persian)##2. Heydarnia M, Abachzadeh K, Damari B, Azargashb E, Vosoughmoghaddam A.[Study of Expert Opinion on Health Promotive Services for Patients at Hospitals Affiliated to ShahidBeheshti University of Medical science]. Pejouhandeh Res J. 2009; 14(4):183-90. (Persian) ##3. Groene O, Aconso J, Klazinga N. Development and validation of WHO self-assessment for health promotion in hospitals: Result of a study in 38 hospitals in eight countries. Health Promot Int. 2010; (2):221-9.##4. Polluste K, Alop J, Groene O, Harm T, Merisalu E, Suurong L. Health Promoting Hospitals in Estonia: What are they doing differently? Health Promot Int. 2007; 22(4): 327-36.##5. Tonnesen H, Echristensen M, Groene O, Oriordan N, Simonelli F, Suurorg L, et al. An evaluation of model for the systematic documentation of hospital based health promotion activities: result from a multicentre study. BMC Health Services Res. 2007; 145 (7):1-8.##6. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.World Health Organization, Geneva. 1986.##7. Delobelle P, Onya H, Langa C, Mashamba J, Mane Depoorter A. Global health promotion- advances in health promotion in Africa: Promoting Health through Hospitals. Int ::union:: Health Promot Educat (IUHPE). 2010; 14 (2): 33-6.##8. Jackson S, Perkins F, Khandor E, Cordwell L, Homann S, Buasai S. Integrated Health Promotion Strategies: a contribution to tackling current and future health challenges. Health Promot Int. 2007; 21(1): 75-83.##9. Groene O, Garcia-Barbero M. Health promotion in hospitals: Evidence and quality management. J Educt 2005; 2(8):134-7.##10. Nikpajouh A, Samadi B. [The International network of health promoting hospitals and health services: integrating health promotion into hospitals and health services- concept, framework and organization]. Iran Prevent Health Promot Instit. 2010;8((4)942-9. (Persian)##11. Haynes C. Health promotion services for life style development within UK hospital-patient\'s experiences and views. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8:284-94.##12. Oppedal K, Nesvag S, Pedersen B, Skjotskift S, Arstad A, Ullaland S, et al. Health and need for health promotion in hospital patient. Eur J Public Health. 2010; 21(6):744-9.##13. Groene O. Implementation of Health Promotion in hospitals Self-Assessment Guide and Forms. WHO Regional Office for Europe. 2006.##14. Zamani R, Torki Y. [Incidence and Causes of Prenatal Mortality in Abhar Emdadi Hospital in 2010]. ZUMS J. 2013; 21(87):103-11. (Persian)##15. Boskabadi H, Parvini Z, Barati T, Moudi A. [Study of the causes and predisposing factors in neonatal mortality in Ghaem hospital (March 2009 to May 2010). Iran J Obstetr. 2013; 14(7):6-14. (Persian)##16. Zamani Kiasari A, Kabirzadeh A, MohseniSaravi B, Rezazadeh E, Khademlou M, Biazar T. [Rate and Causes of Prenatal Mortality in Imam Hospital, Sari 2007]. Iran J Obstetr Gynecol Infertil. 2009; 12(2)23-30. (Persian)##17. Amani F, Barak M, Aminisani N, Dehghan M. [Neonatal Mortality and Its Related Factors in Hospital of Ardabil]. J Ardabil Uni Med Sci. 2006; 5(4):305-10. (Persian)##18. Nayeri F, Amini E, OloomiYazdi Z, DehghanNaieri A. [evaluation of the cause and predisposing factors in neonatal mortality by using international coding diseases version 10 in Valiasr Hospital]. Iran J Pediatr. 2007; 17(1):22-6. (Persian)##19. Javanmardi Z, Beygy M, Ghodoosi A. [Investigating about the causes of neonates’ death in the hospitals of Isfahan Province]. Sci J Forens Med. 2010; 15(4): 229-33. (Persian)##20. Nasiripour AA, Masoudi I, Fathi E. [The relationship of CPR success and time of patient\'s referring to emergency department]. J Milit Med. 2012; 14(1):21-5 .(Persian)##21. Azimi B, Motaghi M. [The Study of the success of CPR Team in Besat Health & Care hospital in Hamedan in the first six months of 2009]. Sci J Rescue Relief. 2011; 2(6):27-32. (Persian)##22. Jaberi Y, Changizian L, Mazlomzadeh S. [Predictors of Outcome in In-Hospital Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation]. ZUMS J. 2011; 19(75):48-57. (Persian)##23. Setayesh A, Arhami A, Farsi D, Hossein Nejad AR, Zare MA. [Evaluation of cardiopulmonary and cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) outcome in emergency department of HazrratRasoul-e-Akram Hospital from June 2003 to April 2004]. Razi J Med Sci. 2006; 13(52):135-44. (Persian)##24. Saifi F,Sharifi F, stangi S, Esmaeili K. [Success rate of cardio-cerebral and education centers-Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences]. J Kermanshah Uni Med Sci. 2009; 14 (3):273-8. (Persian)##25. Khowaja AR, Mistry R, Agha A, Karmaliani R. Potential benefits and perceived need for health promoting hospitals in Pakistan: a healthcare stakeholder\'s perspective. J Pakistan Med Assoc. 2010; 60(4), 274-9.##26. Lin Y, Huang H, Tung S. The Organizational Diagnosis of Health Promoting Hospitals in Taiwan. Patient Educat Counsel J. 2009; (76): 248-53.##27. Lin YW, Lin YY. Health-promoting organization and organizational effectiveness of health promotion in hospitals: a national cross-sectional survey in Taiwan. Health Promotion International Advance Access published. Health Promot Intl. 2010;6(5):471-7. ##28. Yaghoubi M, Javadi M. [Health promoting Hospitals in Iran: How it is]. J Educat and Health Promot. 2013; 2(41):451-8. (Persian)## ##

Histological and biochemical studies of mice kidney after exposure to mobile phone radiation 2 2 Introduction: There are general concerns about the hazardous impacts of the cell phones radiation on the human health. In this study, the structural and biochemical changes of the mice kidney were assessed after cell phone exposure in. Materials and methods: A total of 40 Balb/C mice were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. The experimental group exposed to cell phone devices with a carrier frequency of 915 MHz, for 4 h a day during 60 consecutive days. After mobile phone exposure, the blood samples and also the renal tissues were taken out for histological and biochemical examinations. Results: The histological results revealed no light microscopic changes in the kidneys between two groups. Necrosis of the renal tubules epithelium was seen in some of the the sections belonging to the both control and experimental groups. Also, in the mice exposed to cell phone fields, the serum levels of creatinine, urea, chloride and total protein were not significantly altered. Although the serum levels of sodium and bicarbonate showed a significant increase, but the activity of alkaline phosphatase revealed no significant changes in comparison with control group. In addition, there are no morphometric, ultra-structural or light microscopic changes in the kidneys between two groups. In the treated animals; the mitochondria were often deformed in the shape and the cytoplasm of the renal tubules was folded in an abnormal manner. Conclusion: Based on the study, it could conclude that there is no toxic effect on the mice kidneys after exposure to cell phone radiation. 45 51 2015/11/92015/07/122015/06/292015/11/162015/06/102015/07/52015/11/21 1394/8/30 2016/01/202015/08/262015/09/132016/01/152015/10/222015/10/222016/01/6 1394/10/16 Ali Louei Monfared Ali Louei Monfared Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Para-Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran alm722@gmail.com Aaref Nooraii Aaref Nooraii Department of Veterinary Histology, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran AS_HUNTER2000@YAHOO.COM Morteza Shamsi Morteza Shamsi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran shamsi_ilam@yahoo.com Histology Electromagnetic fields Ultrastructure Mice 1. Hitchcock RT, Patterson RM. Radio-frequency and ELF electromagnetic energies: a handbook for health professionals. New York, USA: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1995.##2. Mikolajczyk H. Biological effects of electromagnetic fields below 300 MHz (pregnancy, litter size and gonadotropic activity of the anterior pituitary gland). Med Pract. 1978; 29(2): 111-20.##3. Forgács Z, Somosy Z, Kubinyi G, Bakos J, Hudák A, Surján A, et al. Effect of whole-body 1800 MHz GSM-like microwave exposure on testicular steroidogenesis and histology in mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2006; 22(1):111-7. ##4. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Bhat PG, Mailankot M. Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behavior and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. Upsala J Med Sci. 2010; 115(2):91–6.##5. Kundi M. EMFs and childhood leukemia. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115(8):A395.##6. Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(7): 624-6.##7. Shuvy M, Abedat S, Beeri R, Valitzki M, Stein Y, Meir K, et al. Electromagnetic fields promote severe and unique vascular calcification in an animal model of ectopic calcification. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2014; 66(7):345-50.##8. Oktem F, Ozguner F, Mollaoglu H, Koyu A, Uz E. Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Arch Med Res. 2005; 36(4):350-5.##9. Özorak A, Nazıroğlu M, Çelik Ö, Yüksel M, Özçelik D, Özkaya MO, et al. Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced risks on oxidative stress and elements in kidney and testis of rats during pregnancy and the development of offspring. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013; 156(1-3):221-9.##10. Tunik S, Ayaz E, Akpolat V, Nergiz Y, Isen K, Celik MS, et al. Effects of pulsed and sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on MMP-2, MMP-9, collagen type IV and E-cadherin expression levels in the rat kidney: an immunohistochemical study. Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol. 2013; 35(5):253-60.##11. Peter AVT, Emilie VD, Michael HR. Workgroup Report: Base Stations and Wireless Networks—Radiofrequency (RF) Exposures and Health Consequences. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115(3):416–24.##12. Aksen F, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Askin Dasdag MM. The Effects of Whole Body Cell Phone Exposure on the T1 Relaxation Times and Trace Elements in the Serum of Rats. Electromagnet Biol Med. 2004; 23(1):7-17.##13. Schaless C, Schaless SS. Estimation of serum chloride using mercuric citrate method. J Boil Chem. 1941; 140(1): 879-86. ##14. Marsh WH, Fingerhut B, Miller H. Automated and manual direct methods for the determination of blood urea. J Clin Chem. 1965; 11(5): 624–7.##15. Slot C. Plasma creatinine determination. A new and specific Jaffe reaction method. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1965; 17(4): 381–7.##16. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193(1): 265–75.##17. Bessey OA, Lowry OH, Brock MJ. A method for the rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase with 5 cubic millimeters of serum. J Biol Chem. 1946; 164: 321–9.##18. Brent RL. Reproductive and teratologic effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields: a review of in vivo and in vitro studies using animal models. Teratology. 1999; 59(4):261-86.##19. Panda, NC. Kidney in: Textoobk of Biochemistry and Human biology. 2nd ed. Prentise hall India: pp: 296-290. Publishers, Owerri Nigeria, pp: 65-134. 1999.##20. Koca O, Gökçe AM, Öztürk MI, Ercan F, Yurdakul N, Karaman MI. Effects of intensive cell phone (Philips Genic 900) use on the rat kidney tissue. Urol J. 2013; 10(2):886-91.## ##

The evaluation of phenotyping and molecular resistance to antibiotics in Proteus species isolated from urinary tract infections in Ilam city 2 2 Introduction: Resistance of pathogenic organisms to countenance antibiotics has become a worldwide problem with serious consequences on the treatment of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance and also the detection of transferred antibiotic resistance by plasmid in clinical Proteus isolates. Materials and methods: A total of 250 urine samples were collected from patient suffered from urinary tract infection (UTI), and cultured on blood agar and MacConkey;#39s agar. Positive cultures were diagnosed by routine microbiological and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated by agar dilution method, and also antibiotic resistance mediated by plasmid was determined using transformation of plasmids to plasmid free Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as competent cell. Results: Among 200 samples, 120 samples (60%) were collected from female and 80 samples (40%) were isolated from males. Out of 25 species (12.5%) were diagnosed as Proteus. Al isolates were resistant to ampicillin (maximum frequency), only 16% of isolates were resistance to amikacin (minimum resistance). Totally, 66.66% of Proteus isolates harbored plasmids. All plasmid containing P. mirabilis isolates were able to transferred resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, while rate of resistance to other antibiotics were as amikacin (88%), gentamycin (72%), tetracycline (50%), tobramycin (48%), ceftazidime, cefotaxime (32%) and ciprofloxacin (22%). Conclusion: Widespread use of antibiotics cause to spread or emerge antibiotic resistances among bacteria by R–plasmids transfer. 52 57 2015/11/92015/07/122015/06/292015/11/162015/06/102015/07/52015/11/212015/10/25 1394/8/3 2016/01/202015/08/262015/09/132016/01/152015/10/222015/10/222016/01/62016/01/6 1394/10/16 Arman Rostamzad Arman Rostamzad Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran arostamzad381@yahoo.com Khadijeh Fatahi Khadijeh Fatahi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran KH.fatahi@gmail.com Mostafa Nemati Mostafa Nemati Department of Bacteriology, Para Veterinary Faculty, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran M_nemati@gmail.com Proteus Urinary tract infections Antibiotic resistance Plasmid transformation 1. Rozalski A, Sidorczyk Z, Kotelko K. Potential virulence factors of Proteus bacilli. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997; 61(1):65-89.##2. Warren JW, Tenney JH, Hoopes JM, Muncie HL, Anthony WC. A prospective microbiologic study of bacteriuria in patients with chronic in dwelling urethral catheters. J Infect Dis. 1982; 146(1):719-23.##3. Panday J.K, Narayan A, Tyagi Sh. Prevalence of proteus species in clinical sample, antibiotic sensitivity pattern and ESBL production. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2013; 2(10)253-61. ##4. Mariotte S, Nordmann PR, Nicolas MH. Extended-Spectrum B-lactamase in Pr.mirabilis. J Antimicrob Chemothr. 1994; 33(1):925-35.##5. Gutmann L. Cross-resistance to nalidixic acid, imethoprim and chloramphenicol associated with alteration in the outer membrane of Klebseilla, Enterobacter and seratia. J Infect Dis. 1985; 154(4):501-7.##6. Mohamed B, Khalid Z, Jean DP, Gros C, Hamid A, Naima E, et al. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in expanded spectrum beta lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in Morocco. J Infect Dis. 2010; 12(4): 779-803.##7. Thavasi R, Aparnadevi K, Jayalaks S, Balasubramanian T. Plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance in marine bacteria. J Environ Biol. 2007; 28(3): 617-21.##8. Rostamzad A, Rostamneia N, Pourahmad F. Determination of vancomycin and methicillin resistant in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Ilam hospitals using PCR. J Bas Res Med Sci.2016; 3(3):1-6.##9. Karimeian M, Rostamzad A, Shoaei P. Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli in hospitalized children in Isfahan Iran. Avicenna J ClinMicrob Infec. 2015; 2(3):1-5. ##10. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement. 2014; 34(1):2-230.##11. Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning, a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York; 2001. pp: 370-380.##12. Philips OO. Prevalence of uropathogenic bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections: A case study of university of Benin teaching hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Int J Microbiol Appl. 2014; 1(2):18-22.##13. Okesola AO, Adeniji TW. Pattern of extended spectrum beta-lactamases production among clinical isolates of Proteus species in western Nigeria. World J Med Sci. 2010; 5(4):94-7. ##14. Chaudhary NK, and Murthys M. Extended Expectrum beta-lactamase in uropathogen. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2013; 6(3):1-4.##15. Adeniyi BA, Amajoyi CC, Smith SI. Plasmid profile of multidrug resistant local uropathogenic E.coli, klebsiella species, proteus species and Pseudomonas spp. J Biol Sci. 2006; 6(3):527-31.##16. Makled A, Alghamdi A. Surveillance of aminoglycosides resistance among Proteus mirabilis isolates from different units in Jeddah Hospitals, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian J Med Microbiol. 2006; 15(2): 337-51.##17. Bonnet R, De Champs C, Sirot D, Chanal C, Labia R, Sirot J. Diversity of TEM Mutants in Proteus mirabilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemoth. 1999; 43(11): 2671-77.##18. De Champs C, Monne C, Bonnet R, Sougakoff W, Sirot D, Chanal C, et al. New TEM variant (TEM-92) produced by Pr.mirabilis and Providencia stuartii isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemothr. 2001; 45(1):1278-80.##19. Neuwirth C, Madec S, Siebor E, Pechinot A, Duez J, Pruneaux M, et al. TEM-89 B-lactamase produced by a Pr. Mirabilis clinical isolate: New complex mutant (CMT3) with mutations in both TEM-59 (IRT-17) and TEM-3. Antimicrob Agent Chemoth. 2001; 45(12):3591-94.## ##