Does body adiposity index evaluate percentage of body fat? 2 2 Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the novel marker, body adiposity index (BAI), is accurate to measure percentage of body fat (PBF). Materials and methods: Seventy-eight males were undergone anthropometric examination. PBF was calculated by BAI and measured using InBody 3.0. Results: Significant correlation was found between BAI and PBF (r = 0.751; P < 0.001). Conclusion: PBF can be measured by BAI, which is calculating from hip circumference and height and we validated this novel index. Therefore, it can be widely used in the clinical settings. 1 3 2019/09/5 1398/6/14 2019/10/8 1398/7/16 Babak Farzad Babak Farzad Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran farzad.babak@gmail.com Nabi Shamsaei Nabi Shamsaei Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Iran shamsaeinabi@gmail.com Body adiposity index Hip circumference Height Body fat percent WHO Investigators. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. WHO Tech Rep Ser. 2000; 894(i-xii):1-253. doi: 10.1017/S0021932003245508.##Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya JC. Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey. BMC Public Health. 2006; 6:228. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-228.##Després JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006; 444(7121):881-7. doi: 10.1038/nature05488.##Gharakhanlou R, Farzad B, Agha-Alinejad H, Steffen LM, Bayati M. Anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the urban population of Iran. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; 98(2):126-35. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2012005000007.##Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Buchanan TA, Sumner AE, Reynolds JC, Sebring NG, et al. A better index of body adiposity. Obesity. 2011; 19(5):1083-9. doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.38.## Sun G, Cahill F, Gulliver W, Yi Y, Xie Y, Bridger T, et al. Concordance of BAI and BMI with DXA in the Newfoundland population. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21(3):499-503. doi: 10.1002/oby.20009.## ##

Up-regulation of circulating miR-93-5p in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis 2 2 Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating in which there is no standardized method to detect this disease activity. It has shown abnormal microRNAs (miRNAs) function in peripheral blood immune cells. miRNAs expression is probably responsible for immunological features associated with MS. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association of miR-93-5p expression with MS disease. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, a totally of 30 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled. Following miRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, miR-93-5p expression was examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The expression of miR-93-5p was significantly increased in RRMS patients compared to healthy subjects (P=0.001). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis identified a strong predictive power of miR‑93-5p on discriminating MS from healthy individuals, with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.939 (95% CI; 0.8581-1.000). On the other hand, the samples were analyzed based on the type of drug treatment (interferon and non-interferon), which did not show any considerable differences (P=0.863). Conclusion: Our findings showed that miR-93-5p has highly elevated expression in patients with RRMS compared to healthy subjects. Based on the results miR-93-5p may be a prospective biomarker with the potential use for diagnosis of RRMS patients. 4 11 2019/09/52019/09/12 1398/6/21 2019/10/82019/11/24 1398/9/3 Jalil Shafiei Jalil Shafiei Department of Genetic, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran jalilshafiei20@gmail.com Gholamreza Javadi Gholamreza Javadi Department of Genetic, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran gh.vadi@yahoo.com Behnaz Nateghi Behnaz Nateghi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Nourdanesh Institutions of Higher Education, Meimeh, Isfahan, Iran Iran behnaz.nateqi@gmail.com Vahid Shaygannejad Vahid Shaygannejad Department of Neurology, Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran vahid.shaygannejad@yahoo.com Mansoor Salehi Mansoor Salehi Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran M_salehi@med.mui.ac.ir Multiple sclerosis MicroRNA miR-93-5p Boroumand N, Eshaghiyan A, Behshood P, Nateghi B, Emadi F. Increased Circulating miR-10a Levels Associated with Multiple Sclerosis. Res Mol Med (RMM). 2018; 6 (4) :59-68.##Steinman L. Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease. Nat Immunol. 2001; 2(9):762-4. doi: 10.1038/ni0901-762.##Constantinescu CS, Farooqi N, O'brien K, Gran B. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Br J Pharmacol. 2011; 164(4):1079-106. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x.##Etemadifar M, Janghorbani M, Shaygannejad V, Ashtari F. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran. Neuroepidemiology. 2006; 27(1):39-44. doi: 10.1159/000094235.##Nateghi B, Emadi F, Eghbali M, Pezeshki P, Eshaghiyan A. Circulating miR-193b-3p and miR-376a-3p Involved in Iranian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Int Biol Biom J. 2019; 5(1):1-5.##Milo R, Kahana E. Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun Rev. 2010; 9(5):A387-94. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.010.##Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sørensen PS, Thompson AJ, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014; 83(3):278-86. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560.##Galetta KM, Bhattacharyya S. Multiple sclerosis and autoimmune neurology of the central nervous system. Med Clin North Am. 2019; 103(2):325-336. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.004.##Harris VK, Sadiq SA. Disease biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Mol Diag Ther. 2009; 13:225-244. doi:10.1007/BF03256329.##Alevizos I, Illei GG. MicroRNAs as biomarkers in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010; 6(7):391-8. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.81.##Nateghi B, Behshood P, Fathullahzadeh S, Mardanshah O. Circulating miR-95 is a Potential Biomarker of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Res Mol Med (RMM). 2018; 6 (2):21-28.##Gandhi R, Healy B, Gholipour T, Egorova S, Musallam A, Hussain MS, et al. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for disease staging in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2013; 73(6):729-40. doi: 10.1002/ana.23880.##Nateghi B, Shams E, Behshood P, Fathullahzadeh S, Salehi M. Expression Profiles of miR-93 and miR-330 in Iranian Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. IJML. 2019; 6 (2):100-106. doi: 10.18502/ijml.v6i2.1027.##Arruda LC, Lorenzi JC, Sousa AP, Zanette DL, Palma PV, Panepucci RA, et al. Autologous hematopoietic SCT normalizes miR-16, -155 and -142-3p expression in multiple sclerosis patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015; 50(3):380-9. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2014.277.##Vistbakka J, Elovaara I, Lehtimäki T, Hagman S. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2017; 23(3):403-412. doi: 10.1177/1352458516651141.##Regev K, Healy BC, Khalid F, Paul A, Chu R, Tauhid S, et al. Association Between Serum MicroRNAs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures of Multiple Sclerosis Severity. JAMA Neurol. 2017; 74(3):275-285. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5197.##Honardoost MA, Naghavian R, Ahmadinejad F, Hosseini A, Ghaedi K. Integrative computational mRNA–miRNA interaction analyses of the autoimmune-deregulated miRNAs and well-known Th17 differentiation regulators: An attempt to discover new potential miRNAs involved in Th17 differentiation. Gene. 2015; 572(2):153-62. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.043.##Mcdonald W I, Compston A, Edan G, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001; 50(1):121-7. doi: 10.1002/ana.1032.##Schmittgen TD and Livak KJ. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C (T) method. Nat Protoc. 2008; 3(1): 101-8. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.73.##Vlachos IS, Zagganas K, Paraskevopoulou MD, Georgakilas G, Karagkouni D, Vergoulis T, et al. DIANA-miRPath v3. 0: deciphering microRNA function with experimental support. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015; 43(W1):W460-6. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv403.##Ogata H, Goto S, Sato K, Fujibuchi W, Bono H, Kanehisa M. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999; 27(1):29-34. doi: 10.1093/nar/27.1.29.##Gade-Andavolu R, Comings DE, MacMurray J, Vuthoori RK, Tourtellotte WW, Nagra RM, et al. RANTES: a genetic risk marker for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2004; 10(5):536-9. doi: 10.1191/1352458504ms1080oa.##Jakkula E, Leppä V, Sulonen AM, Varilo T, Kallio S, Kemppinen A, et al. Genome-wide association study in a high-risk isolate for multiple sclerosis reveals associated variants in STAT3 gene. Am J Hum Genet. 2010; 86(2):285-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.017.##Martinez‐Forero I, Garcia‐Munoz R, Martinez‐Pasamar S, Inoges S, Lopez‐Diaz de Cerio A, et al. IL‐10 suppressor activity and ex vivo Tr1 cell function are impaired in multiple sclerosis. 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Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles along with vitamin C on motor activity and anxiety in adult male rat 2 2 Introduction: Regarding the many applications of nanomaterials in various industries and the existence of many hypotheses on the harmful effects of nanoparticles on living things, the research in this field is of great significance. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc and vitamin C nanoparticles as antioxidants and administration both on locomotor activity and anxiety. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, rats were divided into seven groups including one saline group and six treatment groups. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were injected intraperitoneally in six groups at three concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg and vitamin C at three concentrations of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg. At the end of the prescription period, the number of lines crossed in the open field test for motor activity and the number of stools for anxiety in each group were evaluated over a 5-min period. Results: Prescription of different doses of ZnO and vitamin C did not indicate any significant change in motor activity compared to the saline group. The injection of 30 and 120 mg/kg of vitamin C decreased the number of defecation (anxiety) compared to the saline group (P < 0.001and P < 0.01, respectively) and also significant decrease was observed at 5 and 1.25 mg/kg doses of ZnO compared to the saline group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on these observations, vitamin C and ZnO reduced anxiety but had no effect on the motor activity of animals. 12 18 2019/09/52019/09/122019/09/5 1398/6/14 2019/10/82019/11/242019/11/27 1398/9/6 Maryam Rafieirad Maryam Rafieirad Department of Biology, Izeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Izeh, Iran Iran Rafieirad.m@gmail.com Saeed Valipour-Chahardah-Charic Saeed Valipour-Chahardah-Charic Department of Biology, Izeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Izeh, Iran Iran valipoursaeed@gmail.com Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Vitamin C Motor Activity Anxiety Rat Marczinski C, Perrot-Sinal TS, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Sex differences in spontaneous locomotor activity and rotational behavior in meadow voles. Physiol Behav. 1998;65(2):387-91. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00111-5.##Mollazadeh E, Khalafbeigi M, Zaree M, Taghizadeh G. Comparing the Single-item Visual Analog Scale with Multi-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to Diagnose Depression in Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2017;4(4):e57484. doi: 10.5812/mejrh.57484.##Kobayashi K, Ikeda Y, Suzuki H. Behavioral destabilization induced by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Mol Brain. 2011;4:12. doi: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-12.##McNaughton N, Corr PJ. A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004;28(3):285-305.##Alizadeh M, Hoseini M, Shojaeizadeh D, Rahimi A, Arshinchi M, Rohani H. [Assessing Anxiety, Depression and Psychological Wellbeing Status of Urban Elderly Under Represent of Tehran Metropolitan City]. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2012;7(3):66-73.(Article in Persian)##Hajmohammadi F, Neshat Doost HT. [Comparison of spirituality in women with depression, anxiety and normal people]. JSRP. 2017;18(3):1-11. (Article in Persian)##Banaeipour Z, Rostami S, Zarea K, Cheraqian B. The prevalence of anxiety and its related factors among school-age children in South West of Iran. Int J Pediatr. 2016;4:2019-25. doi: 10.22038/IJP.2016.6970.##Olivier JDA, Christiaan H. Vinkers, Olivier aB. The role of the serotonergic and GABA system in translational approaches in drug discovery for anxiety disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2013; 4(74). doi:10.3389/fphar.2013.00074.##Singewald N, Schmuckermair C, Whittle N, Holmes A, Ressler KJ. Pharmacology of cognitive enhancers for exposure-based therapy of fear, anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Pharmacol‌ Therapeut. 2015; 149:150-90. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.004.##Tassabehji NM, Corniola RS, Alshingiti A, Levenson CW. Zinc deficiency induces depression-like symptoms in adult rats. Physiol Behav. 2008;95(3):365-9. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.06.017.##Saeid S, Reza V, Moghimi A, Abbasali N, Hadi E. Evaluation the Anxiolytic Effects of Zinc Supplemented Diet in the Elevated Plus-Maze Test. Res J Biol Sci.. 2008. 9(3): 964-7. doi: rjbsci.2008.964.967.##Rafieirad M, Valipour Chahardah Charic S. Effect of Zinc Oxide Nano-Particles on Motor Coordination in the Attendance of Vitamin C in Rats. Report Health Care. 2017;3(2):1-6.##Takeda A, Tamano H. Insight into zinc signaling from dietary zinc deficiency. Brain Res Rev. 2009; 62(1):33-44. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.09.003.##Ansari SA, Husain Q, Qayyum S, Azam A. Designing and surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011; 49(9):2107-15. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.025.##Umadevi P, Sevanan M, Suganthi JS, Subakanmani S. Evaluation of antidepressant like activity of Cucurbita pepo seed extracts in rats. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2011;3:108-13.##Khanna Ranjana S, Reena N, Deepti P, Shruti K, Hari DK. Markers of oxidative stress in generalized anxiety psychiatric disorder: therapeutic implications. J Stress Physiol Biochem. 2012;8(2):32-8.##Rafieirad M, Valipour-Chahardah-Charic S. [Evaluation of the simultaneous effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles and vitamin C on oxidative stress in rat cerebellum]. Feyz. 2018;22(3):274-82. (Article in Persian)##Rafieirad M. Pomegranate seed extract reduces ischemia induced anxiety in male rats. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2017;6:85-9.##Torabi M, Kesmati M, eshagh harooni H, Najafzadeh H. Different efficacy of nanoparticle and conventional ZnO in an animal model of anxiety. J Neurophysiol. 2013;45.##Eizadi-Mood N, Pourabdian S, Fallah M. Effects of chronic Zinc Fume exposure on memory and cognition. Iran J Toxicol. 2010;3(3):317-23.##Black MM. Zinc deficiency and child development. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2 Suppl):464S-9S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.2.464S.##Takeda A, Minami A, Seki Y, Oku N. Differential effects of zinc on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus. J Neurosci Res. 2004; 75(2):225-9. doi:10.1002/jnr.10846.##Torabi M, Kesmati M, Eshagh Harooni H, Varzi HN. Effect of Intra CA1 and intraperitoneal administration of Opioid receptor modulating agents on the anxiolytic properties of nano and conventional ZnO in male rats. Cell J. 2014;16(2):163-70.##Gautam M, Agrawal M, Gautam M, Sharma P, Gautam AS, Gautam S. Role of antioxidants in generalised anxiety disorder and depression. Ind J Psychiatr. 2012;54(3):244-7. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.102424.##Jesus Lima de Oliveira I, Souza V, Motta V, Leme Da-Silva S. Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation on anxiety in students: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-salineled trial. PJBS. 2015;18:11-8.##Castro M, Caprile T, Astuya A, Giovanetti C, Reinicke K, Vera JC, et al. High-affinity sodium-vitamin C co-transporters (SVCT) expression in embryonic mouse neurons. J Neurochem. 2001; 78:815-23. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00461.x##Alboghobeysh S, Khajehpour L, Kesmati M. [Involvement of opioid receptors and ascorbic acid in the improvement of anxiety-induced nicotine in adult male mice]. J Arak Univ Med Sci. 2018;21(3):5-13. (Article in Persian) ## ##

Quality of life and economic variables in Ilam province 2 2 Introduction: Higher quality of life is the main desire of modern society. Therefore, paying attention to quality of life (QOF) and influential elements especially economic variables has turned into a necessity. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between QOF and economic variables, which was performed in the counties of Ilam province in Iran in 2013. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional research, 918 households were selected among ten counties of Ilam province by using multiple stages clustering sampling. Data were collected through macroeconomics questionnaires and 36-SF QOF questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 through t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC), and multiple regressions. Results: The mean ± SD of QOF was 61.74 ± 12.31. The correlations between monthly income and physical function scopes were (r=0.11, P<0.05), mental health (r=0.16, P<0.01), exhilaration (r=0.17, P<0.01), social function (r=0.16, P<0.01), physical pain (r=0.14, P<0.01), public health (r=0.12, P<0.05), and the total score of the QOF was (r=0.13, P<0.01). Based on the outcome of multiple regressions, the mean of QOF increased 2.45 units per mean which indicated increased unit of satisfaction regarding their living. Conclusion: The biggest barriers to safety and security among society’s individual life include social deprivation and poverty. Therefore, the general improvement in QOF can be influenced by increasing social cooperation, improving health care services, and providing consulting services about obtained policies by health care. 19 27 2019/09/52019/09/122019/09/52019/08/12 1398/5/21 2019/10/82019/11/242019/11/272019/11/10 1398/8/19 Ali Sayehmiri Ali Sayehmiri ilam university Iran asayehmiri@gmail.com Mandana Sarokhani Mandana Sarokhani Ilam medicine unoiversity Iran sarokhani_m@yahoo.com Quality of life Economic variables Ilam Yen CF, Kuo CY, Tsai PT, Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen TT. Correlations of quality of life with adverse effects of medication, social support, course of illness, psychopathology, and demographic characteristics in patients with panic disorder. Dep Anxiety. 2007;24(8):563-70. DOI: 10.1002/da.20239. ##Isikhan V, Güner P, Kömürcü S, Ozet A, Arpaci F, Oztürk B. The relationship between disease features and quality of life in patients with cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2006;24(6):490-5. doi: 10.1097/00002820-200112000-00012. ##Geyer S, Hemstrom O, Peter R, Vagero D. Education, income, and occupational class cannot be used interchangeably in social epidemiology.Empirical evidence against a common practice. J Epidemiol and Communi Health. 2006;60(4): 804-10. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.041319.##Zack MM, Moriarty DG, Stroup DF, Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Worsening trends in adult health-related quality of life and self-rated health-United States,1993-2001. Pub Health. 2004;119(54):493-505. doi: 10.1016/j.phr.2004.07.007.##Metzler M. Social determinants of health: what, how, why, and now. Prev Chronic Dis. 2007;4(2):1-4. ##Heidarnia MA, Ghaemian T, Abadi A, Fathian S, Montazeri A. [Relationship between deprivation and health-related quality of life]. Payesh 2011;11(4):495-1. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/18349.8189. (Article in Persian)##Giovagholi AR, Meneses RF, Silva AM. The contribution of spirituality to quality of life in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;9(4):129-43. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.002.##Ansarin H, Kabir A, Miri Shekarab AA. Comparison of dermatologic patients quality of life with healthy people. J Iran U Med Sci. 2003;9(32):649-58. ##Syari A, Gary D, Asadi Lary M. Evaluation Quality of Life International experiences and necessary action in Iran. Medic Purific. 2001;1(41):30-6.##Ware JE. The status of health assessment 1994. Annual Rev Pub Health. 1995;16(6): 327-54.##Ware JE, Gandek B. Overview of the SF-36 health survey and the international Quality of life assessment (IQOLA) project. J Clini Epidemiol. 1998;51(8): 903-12. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00081-x.##Burstram K, Johannesson M, Diderichsen F. health-related quality of life by disease and socio-economic group in the general population in Sweden. Health Poli. 2001;55(11): 51-69. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8510(00)00111-1.##Montazeri A, Goshtasebi A, Vahdaninia M, Gandek B. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): Translation and Validation Study of Iranian Version. Qual Life Res. 2005;14(2): 875-82. doi: 10.1007/s11136-004-1014-5.##Montazeri A, Goshtasebi A, Vahdaninia MS. [The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version]. Payesh. 2006;5(3): 49-56. doi:10.1007/s11136-004-1014-5. (Article in Persian)##Ahmadi F, Salar AR, Faghihzadeh S. [The survey of quality of life in elderly of Zahedan city]. Hayat. 2004;22(13): 61-7. (Article in Persian)##Orfila F, Montserrant F. Gender differences in health related quality of life among elderly. Sociol Sci Med. 2006;63(11): 2367-80. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.017.##Mir M, Safavi M, Fesharaki M, Farhadi SM. Determine of association quality of life and stress coping method among the caregiver of patient with multiple sclerosis; MS Society,Ahvaz 2008. J Med. 2011;10(5) 34-41. ##Hadi N, Montazeri A, Behbody E. [Health-related quality of life in chronic kidney disease]. Payesh 2010;9(2):172-65. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.23781. (Article in Persian)##Abbaszadeh F, Baghery A, Mehran N. [Quality of life among pregnant women]. Hayat 2009;15(1) 102-113. (Article in Persian)##Mckee MD, Cunningham M, Jankowski KR, Zayas L. Health-related functional status in pregnancy: relationship to depression and social support in a multi-ethnic population. Obstet Gyn. 2001 97(6):988-93. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01377-1.##Hemingway H, Nicholson A, Stafford M, Roberts R, Marmot M. The impact of socioeconomic status on health functioning as assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire: the Whitehall II Study. Am J Publ Health. 1997 87(9):1484-90. doi: 10.2105/ajph.87.9.1484.##Garousi S, Safizadeh H, Samadian F. The Study of Relationship between Social Support and Quality of Life among Elderly People in Kerman. Jundish Sci Med J. 2012;11(3):303-15. ##Cubbin C, Pollack C, Flaherty B, Hayward M, Sania A, Vallone D, et al. Assessing alternative measures of wealth in health research. Amer J Pub Health. 2011;101(41):939-47. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194175##Hajat A, Kaufman JS, Rose KM, Siddiqi A, Thomas JC. Long-term effects of wealth on mortality and self-rated health status. Amer J Epidemiol. 2011;173:192-200.##Zillich AJ, Blumenschein K, Johannesson M, Freeman P. Assessment of the relation between measures of disease severity, quality of life, and willingness to pay in asthma. Pharm Econom. 2002;20(4): 257-65. doi: 10.2165/00019053-200220040-00004.##Tabari F, Zakeri moghadam M, Bohrani N, Monjamed Z. [Quality of life in newly diagnosed cancer patients]. Hayat. 2007;13(2)56-71. (Article in Persian)## ##

Investigating the status of positive organizational behavior in governmental organizations with emphasis on Iranian Islamic values 2 2 Introduction: In the third millennium, we need employees and organizations that can adapt quickly to change and use challenges as an opportunity for growth and prosperity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of positive organizational behavior in government organizations with emphasis on Iranian Islamic values. Materials and methods: The statistical population of the research consisted of all government agencies, which were selected from the sample of 384 according to the Morgan Table. For this purpose, more accurate results were obtained and the data required for the research were collected. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. T-test and analysis of variance were used to confirm or reject the relevant questions. Also, Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine the reliability of the research questionnaire. Results: Correlation of the positive organizational behavior with Islamic positive organizational behavior, performance, culture, structure and technology was 0.69, 0.56, 0.34, 055, 0.19 and 0.35 respectively. According to the analysis on research variables, two important variables, positive organizational behavior and positive Islamic organizational behavior were identified Conclusion: The findings of this study show that positive organizational behavior (flexibility) has a significant relationship with organizational performance. 28 33 2019/09/52019/09/122019/09/52019/08/122019/08/5 1398/5/14 2019/10/82019/11/242019/11/272019/11/102019/12/9 1398/9/18 Saeeid Kazemi Saeeid Kazemi Department of Public Administration, Qazvin Branch Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Iran minaa.mahmoudi68@gmail.com Mohammad Ataei Mohammad Ataei Department of Public Administration, Qazvin Branch Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Iran mohamatai@gmail.com Abdolmohammad Mahdavi Abdolmohammad Mahdavi Department of Management, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran Iran Kourosh Sayehmiri Kourosh Sayehmiri Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran Positive organizational behavior Organizational performance Government organizations Islamic values Goel SL. Modern management techniques: 3rd edition. Deep and Deep Publications; 2002.##Luthans F, Youssef CM, Avolio BJ. Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. In: Positive Organizational Behavior. 2007. PP. 9-24. doi: 10.4135/9781446212752.n2.##The 20-Year National Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the dawn of the Solar Calendar Year 1404 [2025 C.E.]. At: https://irandataportal.syr.edu/20-year-national-vision.##Krejcie RV, Morgan DW. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educat Psychol Measur. 1970; 30 (3):607-610.##Zamani Jaghargh F, Ghorbanpanah H, Nabavi SE, Saboordavoodian A, Farvardin Z. [A survey on organizational culture based on stephan Robbins's Theory]. 2nd Int Conference Manag Artific Intellig. 2012; 30-34. (Article in Persian) ##Taleghani M, Mahdi Zadeh M. [Investigate the effect of moderating role of E-marketing on relationship between marketing capabilities and performance of companies]. J Business Manag. 2016; 8(2):355-74. (Article in Persian)##Fatholahzadeh R, Amirinasab A, Arbabikalaei A. [Evaluating the relation of positive organizational behavior with incentive in the middle school teachers of Chabahr, Iran]. Educate Psychol. 2018; 4(1): 36-45. (Article in Persian)##Alvani S, Vaezi R, Honarmand R. [A study on the role of positive organizational behavior in reducing of Organizational silence]. Mang Stud Develop Evolu. 2016; 24(79): 1-26. (Article in Persian)## ##

Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients in Guilan, Iran: prevalence and risk of acquired or reactivation of latent Toxoplasmosis 2 2 Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in immune-compromised individuals, including malignant patients under chemotherapy, can cause severe diseases as encephalitis or systemic infections. There is no study on toxoplasmosis in cancer patients in Guilan Province.This study was designed to determine toxoplasmosis IgM and IgG antibodies in cancer patients and to compare it to normal population in the north of Iran, Guilan. Materials and methods: The present case control study is the first study on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cancer patients referred to an educational hospital in Rasht- Guilan (North of Iran), from July 2017 to January 2018. The range of the participants' age was 14–88 years, of whom 52.6% and 47.4% were male and female, respectively. Blood samples were collected from 150 immuno-competent individuals as a control group and 150 cancer patients. The antibodies (IgG/IgM) were measured by the ELISA method using available kits (ToxoIgG and ToxoIgM Euroimmun). Results: The overall sero-prevalence of toxoplasmosis among the participants was 96 (64%) and 97/150 (64.7%) in cancer patients and controls, respectively. In patients, 94 (62.6 %%) were seropositive for only IgG, 1 (0.66%) for only IgM, and 1 (0.66%) for both IgG and IgM. In the control group, 1/150(0.66%) had IgG and IgM positive and 96/150 (64 %) were IgG positive and IgM negative that considered acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, respectively. Two out of 150 control groups were IgG and IgM borderline, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant for IgG (P= 0.8) and IgM (P=0.85) among the patients and also the control groups. Sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection varied significantly with age, sex, residence, cat at home, and educational level. Conclusion: The data showed that a high percent of patients and control groups were susceptible to re-activation of latent toxoplasmosis. But In immune-compromised patients, reactivation of latent toxoplasmosis could even leads to lethal encephalitis. Therefore, the screening of toxoplasmosis should be considered more routinely in cancer patients. 34 41 2019/09/52019/09/122019/09/52019/08/122019/08/52019/08/14 1398/5/23 2019/10/82019/11/242019/11/272019/11/102019/12/92019/01/14 1397/10/24 Mohammadreza Mahmoudi Mohammadreza Mahmoudi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Iran E Rajabi E Rajabi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Iran Asad Mirzaei Asad Mirzaei Department of Parasitology, Paramedical Faculty, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran amirzaeii@yahoo.com Toxoplasma gondii Cancer Toxoplasmosis Zurainee MN, Khairul Anuar A, Fong MY, Hoh HB, Choon J, Rahmah N. Ocular presentations and Toxoplasma serology. J Univ Malaya Med Centre. 2000;5(2):98-102. ##Velimirovic B. Toxoplasmosis in immunosuppression and AIDS. Infection. 1984;12(5):315-7. ##Wanke C, Tuazon CU, Kovacs A. Toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: diagnosis and response to therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;36(3):509-16. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.509. ##Gallino A, Maggiorini M, Kiowski W, Martin X, Wunderli W, Schneider J, et al. Toxoplasmosis in heart transplant recipients. Eur J Cli Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15(5):389-93. doi: 10.1007/bf01690095.##Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30(12-13):1217-58. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00124-7.##Kamani J, Mani AU, Egwu GO, Kumshe HA. Seroprevalence of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii and the associated risk factors, in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009;103(4):317-21. doi: 10.1179/136485909*435094.##Daryani A, Sarvi S, Aarabi M, Mizani A, Ahmadpour E, Shokri A, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Iranian general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Tropica. 2014(137):185-94. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.015. ##Sharif M, Ajami A, Daryani A, Ziaei H, Khalilian A. Serological survey of toxoplasmosis in women referred to Medical Health Laboratory before marriage, northern Iran, 2003-2004. Int J Mol Med Adv Sci. 2006;2(2):134-7. doi: ijmmas.2006.134.137.##Mahmoudi MR, Kazemi B, Haghighi A, Karanis P. Detection of Acanthamoeba and toxoplasma in river water samples by molecular methods in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(2):250-7. ##Alvarado-Esquivel C, Pacheco-Vega SJ, Hernandez-Tinoco J, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Berumen-Segovia LO, Rodriguez-Acevedo FJ, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in Huicholes in Mexico. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:301. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-301.##Ahmadpour E, Daryani A, M, Sarvi S, Aarabi M, Mizani A, et al. Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(12):1503-10. doi: 10.3855/jidc.4796.##DO H-Y. Clinical features. In: HoYen DO, Joss AWL, editors. Human toxoplasmosis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992. P. 56-78. 1992.##Yazar S, Yaman O, Eser B, Altuntas F, Kurnaz F, Sahin I. Investigation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in patients with neoplasia. Journal of medical microbiology. 2004;53(Pt 12):1183-6.##Alim A, Özçelik S, Özpınar N. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in patients receiving cancer treatment. Cumhuriyet Med J. 2018;40(1):19-24.##Abdel Malek R, Wassef R, Rizk E, Sabry H, Tadros N, Boghdady A. Toxoplasmosis an Overlooked Disease: Seroprevalence in Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(7):1987-91.##Zhou N, Zhang XY, Li YX, Wang L, Wang LL, Cong W. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in oral cancer patients in China: a case–control prospective study. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146:1891-5. doi: 10.1017/S0950268818001978.##Yuan Z, Gao S, Liu Q, Xia X, Liu X, Liu B, et al. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cancer patients. Cancer Lett. 2007;254(1):71-4. ##Cong W, Liu GH, Meng QF, Dong W, Qin SY, Zhang FK, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: prevalence, risk factors, genotypes and association with clinical diagnosis. Cancer Lett. 2015;359(2):307-13.doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.036.##Wang ZD, Wang SC, Liu HH, Ma HY, Li ZY, Wei F, et al. Prevalence and burden of Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-infected people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(4):e177-e88.doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30005.##Molan AL, Rasheed EH. Study the Possible Link Between Toxoplasmosis and Different Kinds of Cancer in Iraq. Am J Life Sci Res. 2016;4(3):83-8.##Sobral CA, Amendoeira MR, Teva A, Patel BN, Klein CH. Seroprevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in indigenous Brazilian populations. The Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72(1):37-41. doi: org/10.1590/S0036-46652008000100004.##Nissapatorn V, Abdullah KA. Review on human toxoplasmosis in Malaysia: the past, present and prospective future. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004;35(1):24-30.##Sharif M, Daryani A, Ebrahimnejad Z, Gholami S, Ahmadpour E, Borhani S, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM among individuals who were referred to medical laboratories in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(1):75-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.06.006.##Takahashi J, Konishi E, Matsumura T. A survey of antibody to Toxoplasma gondiiamong patients of a hospital in Hyogo prefecture, Japan, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Jpn J Parasitol. 1985;34:87-92.##Taylor MR, Lennon B, Holland CV, Cafferkey M. Community study of Toxoplasma antibodies in urban and rural schoolchildren aged 4 to 18 years. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77(5):406-9. doi: 10.1136/adc.77.5.406##Excler JL, Pretat E, Pozzetto OB, al. e. Serepidemiological survey of toxoplasmosis in Burundi. Trop Med Parasitol. 1988;39(2):139-41.##Konishi, Houki Y, Harano K, Mibawani RS, Marsudi D, Alibasah S, et al. High prevalence of antibody to Toxoplasma gondii among humans in Surabaya, Indonesia. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2000;53(6):238-41.##Bayani M, Mostafazadeh A, Oliaee F, Kalantari N. The Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Hemodialysis Patients. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(10):e5225.doi:10.5812/ircmj.5225.##Wang L, He LY, Meng DD, Chen ZW, Wen H, Fang GS, et al. Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in cancer patients in Anhui Province, Eastern China. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:162.doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0778-5.##Bamba S, Cisse M, Sangare I, Zida A, Ouattara S, Guiguemde RT. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women from Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 11;17(1):482. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2583-6.##Kortbeek LM, De Melker HE, Veldhuijzen IK, Conyn-Van Spaendonck MA. Population-based Toxoplasma seroprevalence study in The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132(5):839-45.doi: 10.1017/s0950268804002535.##Jones JL, Dargelas V, Roberts J, Press C, Remington JS, Montoya JG. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(6):878-84. doi: 10.1086/605433.##Agmas B, Tesfaye R, Koye DN. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Debre Tabor, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:107.doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1083-2.##Vieira FP, Alves MD, Martins LM, Rangel AL, Dubey JP, Hill D, et al. Waterborne toxoplasmosis investigated and analyzed under hydrogeological assessment: New data and perspectives for further research. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015(110): 929-35.doi: 10.1590/0074-02760150262.## ##

Evaluating the undergraduate midwifery students' live experiences of the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) assessment process: A phenomenological study 2 2 Introduction: Assessing the range of skills that midwives require is very important. This study was aimed at investigating live experiences of midwifery students from the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as an assessment tool. Materials and methods: This qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological approach and five pre-internship undergraduate midwifery students who undertook Objective Structured Clinical Examination, participated in this study. Purposive and voluntary sampling methods were utilized. Data were collected using in-depth, unstructured and individual interviews. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: Following analysis, five main themes were emerged: previous preparation, implementation of OSCE, OSCE content, accuracy of OSCE and feedback of OSCE in clinical practice. The most important theme was feedback to students about their learning activity. Conclusion: According to our findings, OSCE help midwifery students to recognize their weaknesses and thus improve their skills in clinical trainings. In addition, OSCE is a valuable tool to learn necessary skills for the profession of midwifery. Based on this study results, we suggest that OSCE assessment is a very beneficial method in midwifery education. 42 48 2019/09/52019/09/122019/09/52019/08/122019/08/52019/08/142019/07/3 1398/4/12 2019/10/82019/11/242019/11/272019/11/102019/12/92019/01/142019/10/4 1398/7/12 Molouk Jaafarpour Molouk Jaafarpour Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran Iran jaafarpourm@gmail.com Mosayeb Mozafari Mosayeb Mozafari Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical science, Banganjab, Ilam, Iran Iran mozafaric@yahoo.com Ali Khani Ali Khani Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical science, Banganjab, Ilam, Iran Iran nimakhani@gmail.com Clinical assessment Undergraduate students Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) Al Naami MY. Reliability, validity and feasibility of the objective structured clinical examination in assessing clinical skills of final year surgical clerkship. Saudi Med J. 2008; 29(12): 1802-7. ##Salinitri DF, Beth O’Connell M, Garwood LC, Tutag Lehr V, Abdallah. An objective structured clinical examination to assess problem-based learning. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012; 76 (3):44. doi: 10.5688/ajpe76344.##Awaisu A, Abd Rahman NS, Haniki Nik Mohamed M, Bux Rahman SH, Mohamed Nazar NI. Malaysian pharmacy students’ assessment of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Am J Pharm Educ. 2010; 74 (2):34. doi: 10.5688/aj740234.##Harden RM, Stevenson M, Downie WW, Wilson GM. Assessment of clinical competence using objective structured examination. Br Med J. 1975; 1(5955):447–51. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5955.447.##Graham R, Zubiaurre Bitzer LA, Anderson OR. Reliability and pre‌dictive validity of a comprehensive preclinical OSCE in dental education. J Dent Educ. 2013; 77(2):161–7. ##Smith V, Muldoon K, Biesty L. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as a strategy for assessing clinical compe‌tence in midwifery education in Ireland: a critical review. Nurse Educ Pract. 2012; 12(5):242-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2012.04.012.##Barry M, Noonan M, Bradshaw C, Murphy-Tighe S. An exploration of student midwives' experiences of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination assessment process. Nurse Educ Today. 2012; 32(6):690-4. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2011.09.007.##Murray C, Grant MJ, Howarth L, Leigh J. The use of simulation as a teaching and learning approach to support practice learning. Nurse Educ Pract. 2008; 8(1): 5–8. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2007.08.001.##Norris, G. The midwifery curriculum: introducing obstetric emergency simulation. Br J Midwifery. 2008; 16 (4): 232–4. doi: 10.12968/bjom.2008.16.4.29047.##Kaakinen J, Arwood E. Systematic review of nursing simulation literature for use of learning theory. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarship. 2009; 6 (1):16. doi:10.2202/1548-923X.1688.##Birch L, Jones N, Doyle PM, Green P, McLaughlin A, Champney C, et al. Obstetric skills drills: evaluation of teaching methods. Nurse Educ Today. 2007; 27:915–22. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2007.01.006.##Liane RG, Deborah T, Peter GN, Sydney S, Ingrid DV, Stefanie SS, et al. Development and testing of an objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) to assess socio-cultural dimensions of patient safety competency. BMJ Qual Saf. 2014; 0:1–7. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003277. ##Alex M, RachelI, Charlotte K, SionnadhM, Hora S. Confidence and performance in objective structured clinical examination. Br J Midwifery.2012; 20 (10): 746-51. doi: 10.12968/bjom.2012.20.10.746.##Jay A. Students' perceptions of the OSCE: a valid assessment tool? Br J Midwifery.2007; 15 (1): 32–7. doi: 10.12968/bjom.2007.15.1.22677.##Rennie AM Main M. Student midwives' views of the objective structured clinical examination. Br J Midwifery.2006; 14 (10): 602–7. doi: 10.12968/bjom.2006.14.10.21932.##Brosnan M, Evans W, Brosnan E, Brown G. Implementing objective structured clinical skills evaluation (OSCE) in nurse registration programmes in a center in Ireland: a utilization focused evaluation. Nurse Educ Today .2006; 26 (2):115–22. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2005.08.003.##Wallenstein J, Ander D. Objective Structured Clinical Examinations Provide Valid Clinical Skills Assessment in Emergency Medicine Education. West J Emerg Med. 2015; doi: 16(1):121-6. 10.5811/westjem.2014.11.22440.##Erfanian F, Khadivzadeh T. Evaluation of midwifery students’ competency in providing intrauterine device services using objective structured clinical examination. IJNMR. 2011; 16(3): 191-6.##Mirfeizi M, Mehdizadeh Tourzani Z, Mirfeizi SZ, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Mirheydari M khorsand G, et al. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): Is it a reliable and valid method in evaluating the knowledge and clinical practice of midwifery students? Future Med Educ J. 2013; 3(4):20-4. doi:10.22038/FMEJ.2013.1966.##Zayyan M. Objective Structured Clinical Examination: The Assessment of Choice. Oman Med J.2011; 26(4): 219-22. doi:10.5001/omj.2011.55.##SmithV, MuldoonK, Biesty L. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as a strategy for assessing clinical competence in midwifery education in Ireland: A critical review. Nurse Educ Pract. 2012; 12(5):242-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2012.04.012.##Mitchell ML, Jeffrey CA, Henderson A, Glover P, Nulty DD, Kelly MA, et al. Using an Objective Structured Clinical Examination for Bachelor of Midwifery students’ preparation for practice. Women Birth. 2014; 27(2): 108–13. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2013.12.002.##Race P, Pickford R. Making teaching work: Teaching Smarter in Post- Compulsory Education. Los Angeles: Sage. 2007.##Franklin P. OSCEs as a means of assessment for the practice of nurse prescribing. Nurse Prescribing. 2005; 3 (1): 14–23.doi: 10.12968/npre.2005.3.1.17509.## ##

Finite element study of a wrist prosthesis 2 2 Joint replacement surgery in the wrist is less common than other replacement, but can be an option if you have painful arthritis that does not respond to other treatments. In wrist joint replacement surgery, the damaged parts of the wrist bones are removed and replaced with artificial components, called a wrist prosthesis. If the cartilage is worn away or damaged by injury, infection, or disease, the bones themselves will rub against each other, wearing out the ends of the bones. This causes a painful, arthritic condition. Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, results from a gradual wearing away of the cartilage covering on bones. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints that results in pain, stiffness and swelling. Rheumatoid arthritis usually affects several joints on both the right and left sides of the body. Both forms of arthritis may affect the strength of the fingers and hand, making it difficult to grip or pinch. 49 55 2019/09/52019/09/122019/09/52019/08/122019/08/52019/08/142019/07/32017/07/30 1396/5/8 2019/10/82019/11/242019/11/272019/11/102019/12/92019/01/142019/10/42017/11/5 1396/8/14 Mohammad Mianroodi Mohammad Mianroodi ICube laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, France France mohammad.mianroodi@etu.unistra.fr Siham Touchal Siham Touchal ICube laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, France France touchal@unistra.fr Wrist prosthesis Joint replacement Pain Finite element method Rheumatoid arthritis Bhatia R. Total wrist arthroplasty. OA Orthopaedics. 2014; 2(1):1.##Swanson A, Biddulph SI, Hagert CG. A silicone rubber implant to supplement the Keller toe arthtroplasty. NY Univ Inter Clin Inform Bull. 1971;10:7–14. ##Meuli H C. Meuli total wrist arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;(187):107-11. ##Volz R G. The development of a total wrist arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;(116):209–214. ##Bajuri MN1, Kadir MR, Raman MM, Kamarul T. Mechanical and functional assessment of the wrist affected by rheumatoid arthritis: A finite element analysis. Med Eng Phys. 2012;34(9):1294-302. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.12.020.##Harlingen Dv, Heesterbeek PJ, J de Vos M. High rate of complications and radiographic loosening of the biaxial total wrist arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis: 32 wrists followed for 6 (5–8) years. Acta Orthop. 2011;82(6):721-6. doi:10.3109/17453674.2011.636669.##Srnec JJ, Wagner ER, Rizzo M. Total Wrist Arthroplasty. JBJS Rev. 2018;6(6):e9. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.17.00123.##Baumbach SF, Krusche-Mandl I, Huf W, Mall G, Fialka C. Linear intra-bone geometry dependencies of the radius: Radius length determination by maximum distal width, Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(5):947-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.02.030.##Baufeld B, van der Biest O. Mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by shaped metal deposition. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2009;10(1):015008. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/015008.##Rho JY, Kuhn-Spearing L, Zioupos P. Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Med Eng Phys. 1998;20(2):92-102. doi: 10.1016/s1350-4533(98)00007-1.##Hallbeck MS. Flexion and extension forces generated by wrist-dedicated muscles over the range of motion. Appl Ergon. 1994;25(6):379-85. doi: 10.1016/0003-6870(94)90057-4.##Herzberg G. Prospective study of a new total wrist arthroplasty: short term results. Chir Main. 2011;30(1):20-5. doi: 10.1016/j.main.2011.01.017.##Kirwan B. Human error identification in human reliability assessment. Part 2: Detailed comparison of techniques. Appl Ergon. 1992;23(6):371-81. doi: 10.1016/0003-6870(92)90368-6.## ##