The role of laboratory parameters in COVID-19 diagnosis 2 1 3 2020/08/31 1399/6/10 2020/09/14 1399/6/24 Saeed Hemati Saeed Hemati Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran saeedhemati0064@gmail.com Razi Naserifar Razi Naserifar Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran Razinaserifar@Yahoo.com Arash Rahmatian Arash Rahmatian Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran Ghasem Talee Ghasem Talee Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran Elham Bastani Elham Bastani Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran bastani-e@medilam.ac.ir Aryoobarzan Rahmatian Aryoobarzan Rahmatian Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran Amir Abdoli Amir Abdoli Zoonoses Research center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences,jahrom, Iran Iran Morteza Shams Morteza Shams Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran shamsimorteza55@gmail.com Zahra Mahdavi Zahra Mahdavi Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran zahramahdavi9165@gmail.com Laboratory COVID-19 Diagnosis Ayebare RR, Flick R, Okware S, Bodo B, Lamorde M. Adoption of COVID-19 triage strategies for low-income settings. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4): e22. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30114-4. ##Bao J, Li C, Zhang K, Kang H, Chen W, Gu B. Comparative analysis of laboratory indexes of severe and non-severe patients infected with COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta. 2020; 509:180-194. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.009. ##Döhla M, Boesecke C, Schulte B, Diegmann C, Sib E, Richter E, Eschbach-Bludau M, Aldabbagh S, Marx B, Eis-Hübinger AM, Schmithausen RM, Streeck H. Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity. Public Health. 2020; 182:170-172. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.009. ##Gupta N, Agrawal S, Ish P, Mishra S, Gaind R, Usha G, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic profile of the initial COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care centre in India. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020; 90(1):1294. doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2020.1294.##Yang H, Sun G, Tang F, Peng M, Gao Y, Peng J, Xie H, Zhao Y, Jin Z. Clinical features and outcomes of pregnant women suspected of coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect. 2020;81(1): e40-e44. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.003. ##Zhang F Y, Qiao Y, and Zhang H. 2020. CT imaging of the COVID-19. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020; 119(5): 990-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.006.## ##

New aspects of cellular adaptation in physical activity: A delayed muscle pain approach 2 2 The purpose of the present study was to investigate the context of new aspects of cellular adaptation in physical activity with a focus on delayed pain approach, the nature and types of pain, several preventive and non-pharmacological approaches to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and to achieve a desirable conclusion and provide more relevant information from previous research. In this study, articles were searched in specialized databases and 30 related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and cellular adaptation in physical activity with a focus on delayed muscle pain approach was investigated. Mechanical and metabolic stress is the cause of injury during participation in an unfamiliar activity. Mechanical and metabolic stress may trigger pathological responses to activity-induced muscle damage. The suggested cause of metabolic muscle injury has been the inadequate production of mitochondrial ATP, ischemia, hypoxia and changes in ion concentration. The present study showed that physical activity is, in general, among the methods that can be effective in the prevention and treatment of delayed muscle soreness including: massage, cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidant use, warm-up and cool-down, stretching movements before and after the activity, avoiding new and unfamiliar activities, starting activities gradually and lightly. Resistance activity causes muscle damage by increasing creatine kinase enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase. Accordingly, resistance training, especially extracorporeal contraction, produces oxygen-free radicals and lipid peroxidation, eventually leading to muscle tissue damage and subsequent inflammatory processes. 4 11 2020/08/312019/08/18 1398/5/27 2020/09/142019/11/5 1398/8/14 Mahdyeh Nasiri Onaki Mahdyeh Nasiri Onaki Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran Iran mahdiye.nasiri@gmail.com Mehran Ghahramani Mehran Ghahramani Department of Exercise Physiology, Gilan-E-Gharb Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gilan-E-Gharb, Iran Iran mehran.physiology@gmail.com Physical activity Delayed onset muscle soreness Cellular adaptation Gulick DT, Kimura IF, Sitler M, Paolone A, Kelly JD. Various treatment techniques on signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Athl Train. 1996;31(2):145-52. ##Armstrong RB. Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(4):429-35. ##Armstrong RB, Warren GL. Intermittent high intensity exercise: preparation, stresses and damage limitation. London, Spon.1993; P: 275-85.##Fox and Matthew. Physiology of Exercise (Asghar Khaledan, Translator). Tehran, Tehran University Press. 2005. (Persian)##Sanadegol H. Exercise Physiology. Publications of the National Olympic Committee Volume I, 1993. (Persian)##Wilmore Jack H, Castiel David L. Physiology of Exercise and Physical Activity. Translation. Innovative Publications. 2000. (Persian)##william D, Mc ardle, Frank. L, Katch. Victor. L. Katch. Essentials of Exercise Physiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 - 753 Seiten##Heiss R, Lutter C, Freiwald J, Hoppe MW, Grim C, Poettgen K, et al. Advances in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) - Part II: Treatment and Prevention. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2019;33(1):21-29. English. doi: 10.1055/a-0810-3516. ##Faulkner JA, Brooks SV, Opiteck JA. Injury to skeletal muscle fibers during contractions: conditions of occurrence and prevention. Phys Ther. 1993;73(12): 911-21. doi: 10.1093/ptj/73.12.911.##Bennett M, Best TM, Babul S, Taunton J, Lepawsky M. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for delayed onset muscle soreness and closed soft tissue injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD004713. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004713.pub2. ##Dariusz B, Beata O, Sylwia S, Jakub G A, Dariusz B. Influence of Physical Activity on Reduction of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. Central Eur J Sport Sci Med. 2015;12(4) 83-90. doi:10.18276/cej.2015.4-09.##Jouris KB, McDaniel JL, Weiss EP. The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on the Inflammatory Response to eccentric strength exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2011;10(3):432-8. ##Smith LL, George RT, Chenier TC, McCammon MR, Houmard JA, Israel RG, ET AL. Do over‐the‐counter analgesics reduce delayed onset muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase values? Sport Med Train Rehabil. 1995;6(2):81-8. doi: 10.1080/15438629509512039.##Arroyo-Morales M, Olea N, Martínez MM, Hidalgo-Lozano A, Ruiz-Rodríguez C, Díaz-Rodríguez L. Psychophysiological effects of massage-myofascial release after exercise: a randomized sham-control study. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(10):1223-9. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0253. ##Donaldson SJ, Ronan KR. The effects of sports participation on young adolescents' emotional well-being. Adolescence. 2006;41(162):369-89. ##Thomas, M. Robin H, Aaron W. Effectiveness of Sport Massage for Recovery of Skeletal Mudcle from Strenuos Exercise. Clin J Sport Med; 2008; 18(2):446-460. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31818837a1.##Woodman N, Tim. H, Lew M. The Relative Impact of Cognitive Anxiety and Self Confidence upon Sport performance: A Meta Analisis. J Sport Sci. 2003: 21(4):433-57. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000101809.##David B. Exercise induced Muscle Damage and Inflammatory. J Sci Med Sport: 1994: 26(3);85-99. ##Guzel NV, Hazar S, Erbas D. Effects of Different Resistance Exercise Protocols on Nitric oxide, Lipid Peroxidation and Creatine Kinase Activity in Sedentary Males. J Sport Sc Med. 2007; 6(4):417-22.##Atashak S, Baturak K. The Effect of BCAA Supplementation on Serum C Reactive Protein and Creatine Kinase After Acute Resistance Exercise in Soccer Players. Ann Biol Rese. 2012; 3(1):150-7.##Scott K, Powers, Edward T, Howley. Exercise Physiology Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance. Fourth Edition, By MC Grow Hill Companies; 2001. ##Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(11 Suppl): S52-69. doi: 10.1097/00002060-200211001-00007. ## Law RY, Herbert RD. Warm-up reduces delayed onset muscle soreness but cool-down does not: a randomized controlled trial. Aust J Physiother. 2007;53(2):91-5. doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(07)70041-7. ##High DM, Howley ET, Franks BD. The effects of static stretching and warm-up on prevention of delayed-onset muscle soreness. 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Association of ESR-α and ESR-β gene polymorphisms with implantation failure in IVF-treated women in northwest of Iran: A case-control study 2 2 Introduction: Estrogen, a crucial hormone during pregnancy, acts through two types of receptors. The estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ESR-α and ESR-β) are more abundant and exists in all human reproductive systems. Association of ESR-α and ESR-β genes polymorphisms has been reported in some reproductive problems such as spontaneous abortion, endometriosis-related infertility, and in vitro fertilization failure. In the present study, we investigated association between single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9340799 and rs2234693 (ESR-α) and rs1256049 and rs4986938 (ESR-β) with implantation failure in Iranian women. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, we collected 60 women with implantation failure as case group and 60 age and ethnically matched IVF-treated women with successful implantation as controls. Extraction of genomic DNA of both case and control members was performed using salting out method. The case and control groups genotyping was performed using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (Tetra-ARMS PCR) method. Results: There were no significant differences in the frequencies of genotype and allele frequency in ESR-β gene rs4986938 polymorphism between patients and control groups (p>.005). In contrast, we observed a significant difference in the frequencies alleles and genotypes of rs9340799 and rs2234693 (ESR-α) and rs1256049 (ESR-β) polymorphisms between patients and control groups. Conclusion: We demonstrated that rs9340799 and rs2234693 (ESR-α), and rs1256049 (ESR-β) polymorphisms may play important role in implantation failure in women in northwest of Iran. However, more studies on different geographic areas, races and ethnicities are required to determine exact role of ESR-α and ESR-β genes polymorphisms in implantation failure. 12 19 2020/08/312019/08/182020/04/15 1399/1/27 2020/09/142019/11/52020/07/11 1399/4/21 Parisa Pagard Parisa Pagard Department of Genetic, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran parisapagard@gmail.com Seyed Ali Rahmani Seyed Ali Rahmani Department of Medical Genetics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran seyyedalirahmani@gmail.com Lida Heidari Lida Heidari Gynecology Department, Eastern Azerbaijan ACECR ART Center, Eastern Azerbaijan Branch of ACECR, Tabriz, Iran Iran lida.heidari@yahoo.com Polymorphisms ESR-α ESR-β Implantation failure Paria BC, Reese J, Das SK, Dey SK. Deciphering the cross-talk of implantation: advances and challenges. Science. 2002;296(5576):2185-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1071601.##Shiralizadeh J, Barmaki H, Haiaty S, Faridvand Y, Mostafazadeh M, Mokarizadeh N, et al. The effects of high and low doses of folic acid on oxidation of protein levels during pregnancy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2017;33(3):20170039. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0039.##Ma WG, Song H, Das SK, Paria BC, Dey SK. Estrogen is a critical determinant that specifies the duration of the window of uterine receptivity for implantation. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(5):2963-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0530162100.##Ponglikitmongkol M, Green S, Chambon P. Genomic organization of the human oestrogen receptor gene. EMBO J. 1988;7(11):3385-8. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03211.x.##Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Grandien KA, Lagercrantz S, Lagercrantz J, Fried G, et al. Human estrogen receptor β-gene structure, chromosomal localization, and expression pattern. J Clin Endocr Metab. 1997;82(12):4258-65. doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.12.4470.##Ogawa S, Lubahn DB, Korach KS, Pfaff DW. Behavioral effects of estrogen receptor gene disruption in male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(4):1476-81. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1476.##Keene KL, Mychaleckyj JC, Smith SG, Leak TS, Perlegas PS, Langefeld CD, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the estrogen receptor α gene reveals further evidence for association with type 2 diabetes enriched for nephropathy in an African American population. Hum Genet. 2008;123(4):333. doi: 10.1007/s00439-008-0482-z.##O’donnell L, Robertson KM, Jones ME, Simpson ER. Estrogen and spermatogenesis. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(3):289-318. doi: 10.1210/edrv.22.3.0431.##Allen VM, Wilson RD, Cheung A, Blight C, Désilets VA, Gagnon A, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive technology. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006;28(3):220-33. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32112-0.##Isazadeh A, Azimian SH, Tariverdi N, Rahmani SA, Esmaeili M, Karimkhanilouei S, et al. Effects of coagulation factor XIII (Val34Leu) polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women. J Lab Med. 2017;41(2):89-92. doi: 10.1515/labmed-2017-0012.##Dentillo DB, Souza FR, Meola J, Vieira GS, Yazlle ME, Goulart LR, et al. No evidence of association of MUC-1 genetic polymorphism with embryo implantation failure. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007;40(6):793-7. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2007000600007.##Nasirpour H, Key YA, Kazemipur N, Majidpour M, Mahdavi S, Hajazimian S, et al. Association of rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma infections with recurrent miscarriages in bonab-Iran: A case-control study. Gene Cell Tissue. 2017;4(3);e60891. doi: 10.5812/gct.60891.##Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Rahmani SA, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Samanmanesh S, Karimkhanilouei S. The effects of Factor II (rs1799963) polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women. Riv Ital Med Lab. 2017;13(1):37-40. doi: 10.1007/s13631-017-0145-y.##Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Rahmani SA, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Moghtaran N, Maroufi NF. The effect of factor-xi (rs3756008) polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women. Gene Cell Tissue. 2017;4(1):e43717. doi: 10.17795/gct-43717.##Emmen JM, Korach KS. Estrogen receptor knockout mice: phenotypes in the female reproductive tract. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2003;17(2):169-76. doi: 10.1080/gye.17.2.169.176.##Liaqat S, Hasnain S, Muzammil S, Hayat S. Polymorphism analysis in estrogen receptors alpha and beta genes and their association with infertile population in Pakistan. EXCLI J. 2015;14:1085. doi: 10.17179/excli2015-559.##Ganesh V, Venkatesan V, Koshy T, Reddy SN, Muthumuthiah S, Paul SF. Association of estrogen, progesterone and follicle stimulating hormone receptor polymorphisms with in vitro fertilization outcomes. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2018;64(4):260-5. doi: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1482030.##Zulli K, Bianco B, Mafra FA, Teles JS, Christofolini DM, Barbosa CP. Polymorphism of the estrogen receptor β gene is related to infertility and infertility-associated endometriosis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;54(6):567-71. doi: 10.1590/S0004-27302010000600010.##Boudjenah R, Molina-Gomes D, Torre A, Bergere M, Bailly M, Boitrelle F, et al. Genetic polymorphisms influence the ovarian response to rFSH stimulation in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization programs with ICSI. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38700. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038700.##Ayvaz ÖÜ, Ekmekçi A, Baltacı V, Önen Hİ, Ünsal E. Evaluation of in vitro fertilization parameters and estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms for women with unexplained infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2009;26(9-10):503-10. doi: 10.1007/s10815-009-9354-2.##Bretherick KL, Hanna CW, Currie LM, Fluker MR, Hammond GL, Robinson WP. Estrogen receptor α gene polymorphisms are associated with idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(2):318-24. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.008.##Soheilyfar S, Nikyar T, Fathi Maroufi N, Mohebi Chamkhorami F, Amini Z, Ahmadi M, et al. Association of IL-10, IL-18, and IL-33 genetic polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss risk in Iranian women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(4):342-5. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1528220.##Hajizadeh YS, Emami E, Nottagh M, Amini Z, Maroufi NF, Azimian SH, et al. Effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene 86 bp VNTR polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss: a case-control study. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2017;30(3):20170010. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0010.##Fathi Maroufi N, Gholampour Matin M, Ghanbari N, Khorrami A, Amini Z, Haj Azimian S, et al. Influence of single nucleotide polymorphism in IL-27 and IL-33 genes on breast cancer. Br J Biomed Sci. 2019;76(2):89-91. doi: 10.1080/09674845.2018.1545554.##Maroufi NF, Aghayi E, Garshasbi H, Matin MG, Bedoustani AB, Amoudizaj FF, et al. Association of rs1946518 C/A Polymorphism in Promoter Region of Interleukin 18 Gene and Breast Cancer Risk in Iranian Women: A Case-control Study. Iran J Alle Asthma Immunol. 2019;18(6):671-78.## ##

The effect of twelve weeks of combined training with and without canagliflozin consumption on fetuin A and fetuin B in type 2 diabetic men 2 2 Introduction: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and fatty liver are now considered the major causes of mortality in developing countries. The present study investigates the effect of twelve weeks of combined training with and without canagliflozin consumption on fetuin-A and fetuin B in type 2 diabetic men. Materials and Methods: Forty- four men (25-40 years ) who had type two diabitiac were recruited for this study. This is a double-blind study conducted in four groups. For this purpose, diabetic men were divided into four groups of 11 individuals, including control-diabetes, diabetes-medication, diabetes-training, and diabetes-training-supplementation. Every day, 200 mg of canagliflozin and placebo were given to medication-consuming and placebo groups. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session and used for analysis. Results: Two-way ANOVA results showed a significant difference between groups (P<0.001) for fetuin A-amounts. Bonferroni test results also showed a significant difference between control and training (P = 0.030), control and medication-training (P<0.001), medication-training, and medication (P<0.001) and medication-training and training (P= 0.001) groups. The two-way analysis of variance showed significant differences between groups (P = 0.023) in terms of fetuin B amounts. The post hoc test results showed a significant difference between control and training groups (P = 0.009) and control with training-medication groups (P = 0.007). Conclusion: According to our results, the administration of a combination program, alongside the use of canagliflozin, on individuals who have type 2 diabetes may have the most significant effect on reducing these hepatokines in people with diabetes. 20 30 2020/08/312019/08/182020/04/152019/06/17 1398/3/27 2020/09/142019/11/52020/07/112019/09/17 1398/6/26 Ali Samadi Ali Samadi Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran Iran samadiali1981@gmail.com Asieh Abbassi Daloii Asieh Abbassi Daloii Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran Iran abbasi.daloii@gmail.com Alireza Barari Alireza Barari Department of Exercise Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran Iran alireza54.barari@gmail.com Ayoub Saeidi Ayoub Saeidi Department of Exercise Physiology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran Iran saeidi_as68@yahoo.com Combined Exercise Hepatokine Type 2 Diabetes Canagliflozin Rao Kondapally Seshasai S, Kaptoge S, Thompson A, Di Angelantonio E, Gao P, Sarwar N, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(9):829-841. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1008862. ##American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S67-74. doi: 10.2337/dc13-S067. ##Association AD. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Supplement 1):S11-S24. doi: 10.2337/db16-0806.##Zhu K, Wang Y, Shu P, Zhou Q, Zhu J, Zhou W, et al. Increased serum levels of fetuin B in patients with coronary artery disease. Endocrine. 2017;58(1):97-105. doi: 10.1007/s12020-017-1387-1.##Pérez-Sotelo D, Roca-Rivada A, Larrosa-García M, Castelao C, Baamonde I, Baltar J, et al. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue express and secrete functional alpha2hsglycoprotein (fetuin a) especially in obesity. Endocrine. 2016;55(2):435-46. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1132-1.##Reinehr T, Roth C. Fetuin-A and its relation to metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease in obese children before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol. 2008;93(11):4479-85. do: 10.1159/000484896.##Mathews ST, Singh GP, Ranalletta M, Cintron VJ, Qiang X, Goustin AS, et al. Improved insulin sensitivity and resistance to weight gain in mice null for the Ahsg gene. Diabetes. 2002;51(8):2450-8.doi: doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2450.##Pal D, Dasgupta S, Kundu R, Maitra S, Das G, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Fetuin-A acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 to promote lipid-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2012;18(8):1279-85. doi: 10.1038/nm.2851. ##Stefan N, Fritsche A, Weikert C, Boeing H, Joost H-G, Häring H-U, et al. Plasma fetuin-A levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008; 57(10): 2762-7. doi: 10.2337/db08-0538.##Hennige AM, Staiger H, Wicke C, Machicao F, Fritsche A, Häring H-U, et al. Fetuin-A induces cytokine expression and suppresses adiponectin production. PLoS One. 2008;3(3):e1765. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001765.##Ismail NA, Ragab S, El Dayem SMA, ElBaky AA, Salah N, Hamed M, Assal H, et al. Fetuin-A levels in obesity: differences in relation to metabolic syndrome and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables. Arch Med Res. 2012;8(5):826. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2012.31616.##Kralisch S, Hoffmann A, Klöting N, Bachmann A, Kratzsch J, Blüher M, et al. The novel adipokine/hepatokine fetuin B in severe human and murine diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Metab. 2017;43(5):465-468. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2017.01.005.##Meex RC, Hoy AJ, Morris A, Brown RD, Lo JC, Burke M, et al. Fetuin B is a secreted hepatocyte factor linking steatosis to impaired glucose metabolism. Cell Metab. 2015;22(6):1078-89. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.023.##Zhu J, Wan X, Wang Y, Zhu K, Li C, Yu C, et al. Serum fetuin B level increased in subjects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study. Endocrine. 2017;56(1):208-11. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1112-5.##Blumenthal JB, Gitterman A, Ryan AS, Prior SJ. Effects of exercise training and weight loss on plasma Fetuin-a levels and insulin sensitivity in overweight older men. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/1492581.##Schultes B, Frick J, Ernst B, Stefan N, Fritsche A. The effect of 6-weeks of aerobic exercise training on serum fetuin-A levels in non-diabetic obese women. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2010;118(10):754-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1253418.##Jensen MK, Bartz TM, Mukamal KJ, Djoussé L, Kizer JR, Tracy RP, et al. Fetuin-A, type 2 diabetes, and risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1222-8. doi: 10.2337/dc12-1591.##Nomura S, Sakamaki S, Hongu M, Kawanishi E, Koga Y, Sakamoto T, et al. Discovery of canagliflozin, a novel C-glucoside with thiophene ring, as sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Chem. 2010;53(17):6355-60. doi: 10.1021/jm100332n.##Sha S, Devineni D, Ghosh A, Polidori D, Chien S, Wexler D, et al. Canagliflozin, a novel inhibitor of sodium glucose co‐transporter 2, dose dependently reduces calculated renal threshold for glucose excretion and increases urinary glucose excretion in healthy subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(7):669-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01406.x.##Devineni D, Morrow L, Hompesch M, Skee D, Vandebosch A, Murphy J, et al. Canagliflozin improves glycaemic control over 28 days in subjects with type 2 diabetes not optimally controlled on insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(6):539-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01558.x.##Rosenstock J, Aggarwal N, Polidori D, Zhao Y, Arbit D, Usiskin K, et al. Dose-ranging effects of canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1232-8. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1926.##Stenlöf K, Cefalu W, Kim KA, Alba M, Usiskin K, Tong C, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(4):372-82. doi: 10.1111/dom.12054.##Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):e147-e67. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181eeb61c.##Hordern MD, Dunstan DW, Prins JB, Baker MK, Singh MAF, Coombes JS. Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: a position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia. J Sport Sci Med. 2012;15(1):25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.005.##Praet SF, Van Loon LJ. Optimizing the therapeutic benefits of exercise in type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(4):1113-20. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00566.2007.##Stefan N, Hennige AM, Staiger H, Machann J, Schick F, Kröber SM, et al. α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is associated with insulin resistance and fat accumulation in the liver in humans. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):853-7. doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1938.##Malin SK, Del Rincon JP, Huang H, Kirwan JP. Exercise-induced lowering of fetuin-A may increase hepatic insulin sensitivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(11):2085. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000338.##Dasgupta S, Bhattacharya S, Biswas A, Majumdar SS, Mukhopadhyay S, Ray S, et al. NF-κB mediates lipid-induced fetuin-A expression in hepatocytes that impairs adipocyte function effecting insulin resistance. Biochem J. 2010;429(3):451-62. doi: 10.1042/BJ20100330.##Srinivas P, Wagner AS, Reddy LV, Deutsch D, Leon MA, Goustin AS, et al. Serum alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein is an inhibitor of the human insulin receptor at the tyrosine kinase level. Mol Endocrinol. 1993;7(11):1445-55. doi: 10.1210/mend.7.11.7906861.##Pal D, Dasgupta S, Kundu R, Maitra S, Das G, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Fetuin-A acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 to promote lipid-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2012;18(8):1279. doi: 10.1038/nm.2851.##Ramírez-Vélez R, García-Hermoso A, Hackney AC, Izquierdo M. Effects of exercise training on Fetuin-a in obese, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults and elderly: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s12944-019-0962-2.##Keihanian A, Arazi H, Kargarfard M. Effects of aerobic versus resistance training on serum fetuin-A, fetuin-B, and fibroblast growth factor-21 levels in male diabetic patients. Physiol Int. 2019;106(1):70-80. doi: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.01.##Saeidi A, C Hackney A, Tayebi SM, Ahmadian M, Zouhal H. Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Fetuin-B and Exercise Training. Ann Appl Sport Sci. 2019; 7(2): 1-2. doi: 10.29252/aassjournal.7.2.1.##Navarro JF, Mora-Fernández C. The role of TNF-α in diabetic nephropathy: pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2006;17(6):441-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.09.011.##Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2518-39. doi:10.2337/dc06-9910.##Cefalu WT, Stenlöf K, Leiter LA, Wilding JP, Blonde L, Polidori D, et al. Effects of canagliflozin on body weight and relationship to HbA 1c and blood pressure changes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015;58(6):1183-7. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3547-2.##de las Cruces Souto-Gallardo M, Gascon MB, Cruz AJ. Effect of weight loss on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review. Nutr Hosp. 2011;26(6):1242-9. doi: 10.1590/S0212-16112011000600008.##Popescu I, Mussman GM, Hughes CB, Janes TJ, Ray P, Bunn RC, et al. Canagliflozin Improves Glycemic Control and Beta-Cell Mass in the TallyHo Polygenic Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Am Diabetes Assoc; 2018. ;67(Supplement1):2157-9 doi: 10.2337/db18-2157-P.## ##

Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) of Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates in Ilam, Iran 2 2 Introduction: The Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the one of the pathogenic bacteria that become famous and considerable in the recent years. Here we tried to do typing the E. faecalis isolates to provide advantageous information that can help us to understand epidemiological communication between the E. faecalis isolates. Materials and methods: One hundred E. faecalis were isolated from urine samples of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam, Iran. Afterwards, all isolates were confirmed by the phenotyping method and then for more certainty, every isolates were authenticated by PCR analysis of 16sRNA gene. Eventually, all isolates were considered as E. faecalis. For Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), 7 housekeeping genes were used to gain MLST scheme for epidemiological study. In addition, to determine various type of E. faecalis pubmlst database was selected and the MLST analysis was done based on recommended instruction by the pubMLST.org. Results: The disk diffusion results demonstrated that fifty-four out of one hundred isolates were resistant, four isolates were semi sensitive and forty-two isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. So, 90 isolates were MLST. Using seven structural genes and using pubMLST.org database, different types of E. faecalis were determined. The MLST results demonstrated that 26 different group and Sequence Types (ST) obtained. Our findings demonstrated that the isolates were from different types. Conclusion: Accoeding to our results, we couldn't find any epidemic correlation between the isolates. Given that most of these isolates had resistance to vancomycin, they had low clonal correlation with each other and only had few similar STs pattern. 31 35 2020/08/312019/08/182020/04/152019/06/172020/07/13 1399/4/23 2020/09/142019/11/52020/07/112019/09/172020/09/13 1399/6/23 Farzad Mohammadi Farzad Mohammadi Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Iran farzad.mohammadi2010@gmail.com Jalil Vand Yousefi Jalil Vand Yousefi Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Iran sadeghgudarz@gmail.com Naser Harzandi Naser Harzandi Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Iran reza_ah61@yahoo.com Sobhan Ghafourian Sobhan Ghafourian Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran sobhan.ghafurian@gmail.com E. faecalis Multilocus Sequence Typing Iran Choi EJ, Iwasa M, Han KI, Kim WJ, Tang Y, Hwang YJ, et al. Heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis ef-2001 ameliorates atopic dermatitis in a murine Model. Nutrients. 2016; 5;8(3):146. doi: 10.3390/nu8030146. ##Banla IL, Kommineni S, Hayward M, Rodrigues M, Palmer KL, Salzman NH, et al. Modulators of Enterococcus faecalis Cell Envelope Integrity and Antimicrobial Resistance Influence Stable Colonization of the Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract. Infect Immun. 2017; 19;86(1):e00381-17. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00381-17. ##Guzman Prieto AM, van Schaik W, Rogers MR, Coque TM, Baquero F, Corander J, et al. Global Emergence and Dissemination of Enterococci as Nosocomial Pathogens: Attack of the Clones? Front Microbiol. 2016; 26;7:788. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00788. ##Smith JM, Smith NH, O'Rourke M, Spratt BG. How clonal are bacteria? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993; 15;90(10):4384-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4384. ##Willems RJ, Homan W, Top J, van Santen-Verheuvel M, Tribe D, Manzioros X, et al. Variant esp gene as a marker of a distinct genetic lineage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium spreading in hospitals. Lancet. 2001;357(9259):853-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04205-7..##Kalia A, Enright MC, Spratt BG, Bessen DE. Directional gene movement from human-pathogenic to commensal-like streptococci. Infect Immun. 2001; 69(8):4858-69. doi: 10.1128/IAI.69.8.4858-4869.2001. ##Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Bonten MJ, Robinson DA, Top J, Nallapareddy SR, Torres C, et al. Multilocus sequence typing scheme for Enterococcus faecalis reveals hospital-adapted genetic complexes in a background of high rates of recombination. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(6):2220-8. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02596-05. ##Zalipour M, Esfahani BN, Halaji M, Azimian A, Havaei SA. Molecular Characterization Of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Among Inpatients At Iranian University Hospitals: Clonal Dissemination Of ST6 And ST422. Infect Drug Resist. 2019; 25;12:3039-3047. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S217718.##Weng PL, Ramli R, Shamsudin MN, Cheah YK, Hamat RA. High genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing from a hospital in Malaysia. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:938937. doi: 10.1155/2013/938937. ##Nallapareddy SR, Duh RW, Singh KV, Murray BE. Molecular typing of selected Enterococcus faecalis isolates: pilot study using multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 ;40(3):868-76. doi: 10.1128/jcm.40.3.868-876.2002.## ##

Evaluation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Scrophularia striata essential oil on dental caries pathogens 2 2 Introduction: Oral diseases are among the most important worldwide infectious diseases. Due to drug resistance and the side effects of chemical drugs, the use of herbal medicines has increased. Scrophularia striata (S. striata) is a herbal flowering plant that is used in microbial infections. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of S. striata essential oil on dental carrier’s pathogens. Materials and Methods: In this study, S. striata essential oil was prepared and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods on dental caries pathogens Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Actinomyces viscosus (A. viscosus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Moreover, the chemical composition of S. striata essential oil was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Results: Our results showed that the most antibacterial activity of S. striata essential oil was related to A. viscosus (22.9 mm), L. rhamnosus (21.7 mm), and S. mutans (16.9 mm) essential oil showed a low antifungal activity against C. albicans. The dominant chemical composition of S. striata essential oil was terpens (39.8%). Conclusion: In general, S. striata essential oil has an appropriate antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. Therefore, it can be use in pharmaceutical industry to produce antimicrobial agents against dental caries and oral infectious diseases. 36 42 2020/08/312019/08/182020/04/152019/06/172020/07/132020/04/20 1399/2/1 2020/09/142019/11/52020/07/112019/09/172020/09/132020/07/11 1399/4/21 Shahram Dadelahi Shahram Dadelahi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran sh.dadelahi@gmail.com Farnaz Yousefi Farnaz Yousefi Department of Microbiology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran Iran farnazyousefi@yahoo.com Parisa Emami Golmarz Parisa Emami Golmarz Department of Genetics, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran Iran emami.parisa@yahoo.com Elham Taheri Elham Taheri Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran elham.taheri1366@gmail.com Dental caries Antimicrobial Scrophularia striata Essential oil Salehi B, Kregiel D, Mahady G, Sharifi-Rad J, Martins N, Rodrigues CF. Management of Streptococcus mutans-Candida spp. Oral Biofilms’ Infections: Paving the Way for Effective Clinical Interventions. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):517. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020517.##Yari Z, Mahdavi S, Khayati S, Ghorbani R, Isazadeh A. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from urinary tract infections in women referred to Shahid Beheshti educational and therapeutic center in Maragheh city. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sci. 2020;41(6):106-12.##Petersen PE, Lennon MA. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32(5):319-21.##Mahdavi S, Azizi Dehbokri M, Isazadeh A. Contamination of chicken meat with salmonella spp distributed in mahabad city, iran. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2018;6(3):65-8. doi: 10.15171/ijep.2018.18.##Mahdavi S, Kheyrollahi M, Sheikhloei H, Isazadeh A. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil on Food Borne Bacteria. Open Microbiol J. 2019;13(1):81-85.##Mahdavi S, Chalabi P, Zomorodi S, Isazadeh A. Effect of Bananas Puree on Survival of Lactobacillus casei in Coktel Apple and Banana Juice During Storage. Pharm Biomed Res. 2018;4(2):23-7.##Mahdavi S, Hazimian S, Isazadeh A, Babashpour M, Shishehgar R. Study of the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh against infectious bacteria isolated from clinical and animal sources. J Comp Pathobiol. 2017;13(4):2063-70.##Alaee M, Akbari A, Karami H, Salemi Z, Amri J, Panahi M. Antidiabetic and protective effects of Scrophularia striata ethanolic extract on diabetic nephropathy via suppression of RAGE and S100A8 expression in kidney tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2020;31(2). doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0186.##Singab AN, Youssef FS, Ashour ML, Wink M. The genus E remophila (S crophulariaceae): an ethnobotanical, biological and phytochemical review. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;65(9):1239-79. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12092.##Kerdar T, Moradkhani S, Dastan D. Phytochemical and biological studies of scrophularia striata from Ilam. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2018;13(3):1-5. doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.62705.##Mahboubi M, Kazempour N, Nazar AR. Total phenolic, total flavonoids, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Scrophularia striata Boiss extracts. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2013;8(1):15-9.##Rostami F, Ghasemi HA, Taherpour K. Effect of Scrophularia striata and Ferulago angulata, as alternatives to virginiamycin, on growth performance, intestinal microbial population, immune response, and blood constituents of broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2015;94(9):2202-9. doi: 10.3382/ps/pev198.##Zengin G, Stefanucci A, Rodrigues MJ, Mollica A, Custodio L, Aumeeruddy MZ, et al. Scrophularia lucida L. as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications: In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibitory properties, in silico studies, and HPLC profiles. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019;162:225-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.035.##Mahdavi S, Isazadeh A. Lactobacillus casei suppresses hfq gene expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Br J Biomed Sci. 2019;76(2):92-4. doi: 10.1080/09674845.2019.1567903.##Taheri E, Ghorbani S, Safi M, Sani NS, Amoodizaj FF, Hajazimian S, Heidari M, Isazadeh A, Heidari M. Inhibition of Colorectal Cancer Cell Line CaCo-2 by Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Through Induction of Apoptosis. Acta Med Iran. 2020;58(6):260-5.##Mahdavi S, Isazadeh AR. Investigation of contamination rate and determination of pattern of antibiotic resistance in coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus isolated from domestic cheeses in Maragheh, Iran. Pathobiol Res. 2019;22(2):85-59.##Firouzi Amoodizaj F, Baghaeifar S, Taheri E, Farhoudi Sefidan Jadid M, Safi M, Seyyed Sani N, et al. Enhanced anticancer potency of doxorubicin in combination with curcumin in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2020;e22486. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22486.##Safavi F, Ebrahimi P, Mighani H. In vitro anti-bacterial activity of root and aerial parts of Scrophularia striata Bioss on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Armaghane Danesh. 2013;18(8):603-14. ##Moori Bakhtiari N, Jowzi L. In vitro Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Scrophularia striata on Some Respiratory and Urinary Bacterial Pathogens. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2016;15(4):423-31. ##Kerdar T, Moradkhani S, Dastan D. Phytochemical and biological studies of scrophularia striata from Ilam. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2018;13(3):e62705. doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.62705.##Nikkhah E, Asnaashari S, Babaei H, Heshmati Afshar F, Delazar A. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Scrophularia umbrosa. Res J Pharmacognosy. 2017;4(1):41-50.##Amiri H, Lari YH, Esmaeili A, Samsamnia F, Eghbali D, Viskarami GH, Dosti B, Noormohamadi E. Essential oil composition and anatomical study of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Iran J Med Aromatic Plant Res. 2011;27(2):271-278.## ##

Molecular identification of Dicrocoelium dendriticum using 28s rDNA genomic marker and its histopathologic features in domestic animals in western Iran 2 2 Introduction: Dicrocoeliasis is a common disease of bile ducts and gallbladder of domestic and wild ruminants. This disease is caused by different species of dicrocoelium including Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The aim of this study was to identify pathological damages and molecular features associated with this parasite in ruminants. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 180 fresh adult D. dendriticum worms were collected from 45 infected livers of slaughtered cattle, sheep, and goats in three western provinces of Iran. After histopathological examination, a 963 bp fragment (28S rRNA [MRT1] gene) was amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The amplified fragment was digested by Trul1 restriction enzyme to evaluate through Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. Results: Based on histological examination, hyperplasia of mucosal glands and swelling of bile ducts of infected livers were observed. In all studied samples, a 963-bp fragment was produced by PCR. Based on PCR-RFLP, the PCR products were digested by Trul1 restriction enzyme producing four fragments (116 bp, 145 bp, 293 bp, and 409 bp) all of which were related to D. dendriticum. Sequencing of the obtained 28S rDNA fragments showed that all of them were completely similar, and comparing them with the Gene Bank sequences showed 97% to 100% similarity between homogeneous fragments. The obtained sequences were registered in the Gene Bank with the accession numbers of MT539114, MT539115, and MT539116. Conclusion: According to the present study, D. dendriticum is the predominant parasite infecting ruminants in west of Iran. [MRT1]DNA or RNA? 43 52 2020/08/312019/08/182020/04/152019/06/172020/07/132020/04/202020/04/2 1399/1/14 2020/09/142019/11/52020/07/112019/09/172020/09/132020/07/112020/08/27 1399/6/6 Mohammad Hossein Ebrahim Pour Mohammad Hossein Ebrahim Pour Department of Pathobiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran hossein.ilam2011@gmail.com Bahar Shemshadi Bahar Shemshadi Department of Pathobiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran bshemshadi@yahoo.com Alimohammad Bahrami Alimohammad Bahrami Department of Pathobiology, Para Veterinary Faculty, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Iran am.bahrami@ilam.ac.ir Salome Shirali Salome Shirali Department of Biotechnology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran s.shirali2017@gmail.com Dicrocoelium dendriticum Pathology 28s rDNA PCR-RLFP Sequencing Moshfe A, Bagheri M, Mohebi Nobandegany Z. [Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in slaughtered livestock in Yasuj slaughterhouse 2001-2002]. Armaghan-e- Danesh J.2003; 8(30):25-33. (In Persian)##Marquardt WC, Demaree SR, Grive RB. Parasitology vector biology. 2th ed. San Diago Harcuort Academic Publication.2000; P.273-285.##Campo R, Manga gonzalez MY, Gonzalez lanza C. Relationship between egg output and parasitic burden in lambs experimentally infected with different doses of Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Vet Parasitol. 2000; 87(2-3): 139-49. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00165-X .‌##Heussler V, Kaufmann H, Glaser I, Ducommun D, Muller C, Dobbelaere D. A DNA probe for the detection of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in ants of Formica spp. and Lasius spp. Parasitol Res. 1998;84(6):505-8. doi:10.1007/s004360050437.##Jeandron A, Rinaldi L, Abdyldaieva G, Usubaliev J, Steinmann P, Cringoli G, et al. Human infections with Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Kyrgyzstan the tip of the iceberg? J Parasitol. 2011; 97(6): 1170-3. doi:10.1645/GE-2828.1.##Zhao GH, Bian QQ, Ren WX, Jia YQ, Cheng WY, Fang YQ, et al. Genetic variability among Dicrocoelium dendriticum isolates from different regions in Shaanxi province China revealed by sequences of three mitochondrial genes. Mitochondrial DNA. 2013;24(6): 683-8.##Manga-Gonzalez MY, Gonzalez Lanza C, Cabanas E, Campo R. Contributions to and review of dicrocoeliosis with special reference to the intermediate hosts of Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Parasitology. 2001; 123(7): 91-114.##Maurelli MP, Rinaldi L, Capuano F, Perugini AG, Veneziano V, Cringoli G. Characterization of the 28S and the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA of Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Dicrocoelium hospes. Parasitol Res. 2007; 101(5): 1251-5. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0629-1 .‌##Nezami E, Arbabi M, Hooshyar H, Delavari M. Morphological and molecular detection of dicrocoelium dendriticum isolated from domestic animals based on genetic nd1marker in Markazi province. J Vet Res. 2019; 74(1): 27-34.##Bari S, Sarvi S, Daryani A, Ziaeeihezarjaribi H, Arbabi M, Pirestani M, et al. [Dicrocoelium dentriticum infection among domestic animals in iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis]. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci.2016; 25(132): 367-375. (In Persian)##Manga gonzalez MY, Quiroz romero H, Gonzalez lanza C, Minambres B, Ochoa P. Strategic control of Dicrocoelium dendriticum egg excretion by naturally infected sheep. Vet Med. 2010;55(1):19-29. ‌ doi:10.17221/63/2009-VETMED.##‌12. Nguyen TG, Vande N, Vercruysse J, Dorny P, Lee TH. Genotypic characterization and species identification of Fasciola spp. With implications regarding the isolates infecting goats in Vietnam. Exp Parasitol. 2009; 123: 354-61. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.001.##Sandoval H, Manga gonzalez MY, Castro JM. A tool for diagnosis of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection hatching eggs and molecular identification of the miracidium. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(4): 1589-95. doi:10.1007/s00436-013-3313-7.##Kleiman F, Pietrokovsky S, Prepelitchi L, Carbajo AE, Wisnivesky C. Dynamics of Fasciola hepatica transmission in the Andean Patagonian valleys Argentina. Vet Parasitol. 2007; 14(5):274-86. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.020.##Meshgi B, Khodaveisi M. Determination of immunodominant antigens of Dicrocoelium dendriticum by hyperimmune sera. Immunol Infect Dis. 2014;2: 4-8. doi:10.1017/S0022149X20000565.##Jahedkhaniki GhR, Beigomkia E, Raei M. Liver condemnation and economic lossesdue to parasitic infections in slaughtered animals in Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2013; 37:240-4. doi:10.1007/s12639-012-0172-6.##Farid H. Human infection with Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Isfahan area Central Iran. J Parasitol. 1971; 57(1):83-8. doi:10.2307/3277773.##Gorjipoor S, Moazeni M, Sharifiyazdi H. Characterization of Dicrocoelium dendriticum haplotypes from sheep and cattle in Iran based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 and NADH dehydrogenase gene. J Helminthol. 2015;89(2): 158-64. doi:10.1017/S0022149X13000679. ‌##Eslami A. Veterinary helminthology trematodes. 1th ed. Tehran Uni Publication. 1998; P.50-106. (In Persian).##Shamsi M, Dalimi A, Khosravi A, Ghafarifar F, Pourahmad F. Determination and Sequencing of genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus from stray dog's isolates with cox1gen in Ilam West of Iran. Sci J Ilam Uni Med Sci.2017; 24(6):97-106. (In Persian) doi: 10.18869/acadpub.sjimu.24.6.97.##Shamsi M, Dalimi A, Khosravi A, Ghafarifar F. The phylogenetic similarity of hydatid cyst isolated from humans and sheep in Ilam Province Southwest of Iran. Comp Clin Pathol. 2016; 25:1221-6. doi:10.1007/s00580-016-2332-z.##Dalimi A, Shamsi M, Khosravi A, Ghaffarifar F. Genotyping Echinococcus granulosus from canine isolates in Ilam province West of Iran. 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High prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in ovine aborted fetuses in Gilan Province, Iran: Molecular detection and genotype characterization 2 2 Introduction: Sheep farming is one of the most important economic aspects of the livestock industry in Gilan province, Iran. Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent zoonotic disease and a major cause of abortion, congenital infection, and stillbirth in animals and humans. Previously, it was assumed that sheep are mostly infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) after birth. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that T. gondii congenital transmission is more prevalent than previously speculated. Therefore, determining the genotypes of this parasite in the intermediate host plays an important role in human infections and prevention programs. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the T. gondii genetic diversity in aborted ovine fetuses during the lambing season (2018-2019) in Gilan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: Molecular detection of T. gondii was performed in 44 brain tissue samples, collected from aborted ovine fetuses, using a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) assay, to target the GRA6 gene. Also, the nested-PCR products belonging to the GRA6-positive samples underwent genotyping with the help of Tru1I (MseI) restriction enzyme using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to classify strains into one of the three major lineages of T. gondii. Results: The results revealed infection in 30 (68.18%) out of 44 brain samples of aborted ovine fetuses, based on the nested-PCR assay with GRA6 gene. Also, the PCR-RFLP results demonstrated the predominance of type II T. gondii in all of the isolates. Conclusion: Overall, the present results revealed the high incidence of T. gondii infection through congenital transmission.This is the first molecular detection and genotyping of T. gondii in ovine aborted fetuses in Gilan Province, Iran. 53 62 2020/08/312019/08/182020/04/152019/06/172020/07/132020/04/202020/04/22020/07/13 1399/4/23 2020/09/142019/11/52020/07/112019/09/172020/09/132020/07/112020/08/272020/10/23 1399/8/2 Mohammad Reza Chaechi Nosrati Mohammad Reza Chaechi Nosrati Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran mohammadchaichi1@gmail.com Bahar Shemshadi Bahar Shemshadi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran bshemshadi@yahoo.com Parviz Shayan Parviz Shayan Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran pshayan@ut.ac.ir Shahrokh Ranjbar Bahadori Shahrokh Ranjbar Bahadori Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University,Gamsar, Iran Iran bahadory_2000@yahoo.com Ali Eslami Ali Eslami Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran alieslami1936@gmail.com Toxoplasmosis Sheep Abortion Genotyping Iran Su C, Shwab EK, Zhou P, Zhu XQ, Dubey JP. 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