Disinfection and general cleaning practices used in health care centers and hospitals 2 2 Improving cleaning and disinfection performance must be taken into account for prevention and control of infection. Health care settings are engaged in a battle against healthcare associated infection (HAIs). The importance of infection prevention and control is increasing due to rapidly developing strains of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) that can result in serious illness and even death in workers and patients. There are many cleaning and disinfectant protocols used in health care centers and hospitals. Conventional cleaning and disinfecting methods are not completely effective. On the other hand, some of these products are known or suspected to be associated with eye, skin irradiation, respiratory disorders and allergies. Concerns about adverse human health effects of conventional cleaning and disinfecting products have led to the development of new methods to achieve better results and less adverse effects. Some of these procedures may reduce human health effect as well as reduce costs. 1 13 2014/12/16 1393/9/25 2014/12/16 1393/9/25 Amini Razieh Amini Razieh Iran Rashid Heidari Moghadam Rashid Heidari Moghadam Iran Somayeh Soleimani Somayeh Soleimani Iran Seyed Vahid Madihi Seyed Vahid Madihi Iran Ali Hematian Ali Hematian Iran Iraj Pakzad Iraj Pakzad Iran Kobra Heidarzadi Kobra Heidarzadi Iran Negin Karami Negin Karami Iran Zeinab Karimi Zeinab Karimi Iran Farid Azizi Jalilian Farid Azizi Jalilian Iran azizifarid@gmail.com Disinfection infection resistant hospital conventional 1. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. Medicare program: changes to the hospital inpatient prospective payment systems and fiscal year 2009 rates. Fed Regist. 2008; 73(161):48433-9084. ##2. Carling, PC, Parry, MF, Von Beheren, SM. Identifying opportuni‌ties to enhance environmental cleaning in 23 acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29(1):1-7.##3. Weinstein RA. Nosocomial infection update. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998 Jul-Sep; 4(3):416-20. ##4. Sarubbi FA, JrKopf HB, Wilson MB, McGinnis MR, Rutala WA. Increased recovery of Aspergillus flavus from respiratory specimens during hospital construction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982; 125(1):33-8. ##5. Weems JJ, JrDavis BJ, Tablan OC, Kaufman L, Martone WJ. Construction activity: an independent risk factor for invasive aspergillosis and zygomycosis in patients with hematologic malignancy. Infect Control. 1987; 8(2):71-5. ##6. Hardy KJ, Oppenheim BA, Gossain S, Gao F, Hawkey PM. A study of the relationship between environmental contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and patients\' acquisition of MRSA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27(2):127-32. ##7. Kramer A, Scwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2006; 6:130.##8. Carling P. Methods for assessing the adequacy of practice and improving room disinfection. Am J Infect Control. 2013; 41(5 Suppl):S20-5. ##9. Sehulster L, Chinn RY. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003; 52(RR-10):1-42. ##10. Bello A, Quinn MM, Perry MJ, Milton DK. Characterization of occupational exposures to cleaning products used for common cleaning tasks-a pilot study of hospital cleaners. Environ Health. 2009; 8(1):11-8. ##11. Young M. Environmental cleaning in sterile processing areas. OR Manager. 2014; 30(9):20-1. ##12. Fonger GC, Hakkinen P, Jordan S, Publicker S. The National Library of Medicine\'s (NLM) Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB): Background, recent enhancements and future plans. Toxicology. 2014; 325(7):209-16.##13. D\'Souza RM. Housing and environmental factors and their effects on the health of children in the slums of Karachi, Pakistan. J Biosoc Sci. 1997; 29(3):271-81.##14. Flyvholm MA. Contact allergens in registered chemical products. Contact Dermat. 1991; 25(1):49-56. ##15. Flyvholm MA. Contact allergens in registered cleaning agents for industrial and household use. Br J Ind Med 1993;50(11):1043-50. ##16. Basil AA, Hafiz OA, Seifeddin GB, Albar AA. Pulmonary function of workers exposed to ammonia. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2001; 7(1):19-22. ##17. Lewis, RJ. Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary. Twelfth Edition. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1993. ##18. Savonius B, Keskinen H, Tuppurainen M, Kanerva L. Occupational asthma caused by ethanolamines. Allergy. 1994;49(10):877-81. ##19. Starek A, Szabla J. [Ethylene glycol alkyl ethers--the substances noxious to health]. Med Pr. 2008;59(2):179-85. ##20. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH). Treshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physi‌cal Agents and Biological Exposure Indices Cincinnati, OH; 2008.##21. Jakasa I, Mohammadi N, Kruse J, Kezic S. Percutaneous absorption of neat and aqueous solutions of 2-butoxyethanol in volunteers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2004;77(2):79-84. ##22. Vincent R, Cicolella A, Surba I, Reieger B, Poirot P, Pierre F. Occupational exposure to 2-butoxyethanol for workers using win‌dow cleaning agents. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 1993; 8(6):580-6. ##23. Stouten H, Bessems JG. Toxicological profile for o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol. J Appl Toxicol. 1998;18(4):271-9. ##24. Stern ML, Brown TA, Brown RD, Munson AE. Contact hypersensitivity response to o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1991; 14(3):231-42. ##25. Pease WS, Zeise L, Kelter A. Risk assessment for carcinogens under California\'s Proposition 65. Risk Anal. 1990; 10(2):255-71. ##26. Goddard P, McCue KA. Penolic Compounds. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. 5 edition Lippin‌cott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.P. 255-82. ##27. Purohit A, Kopferschmitt-Kubler MC, Moreau C, Popin E, Blaumeiser M, Pauli G. Quaternary ammonium compounds and occupational asthma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2000; 73(6):423-7. ##28. Burge PS, Richardson MN. Occupational asthma due to indirect exposure to lauryl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride used in a floor cleaner. Thorax. 1994;49(8):842-3. ##29. Bernstein JA, Stauder T, Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL. A com‌bined respiratory and cutaneous hypersensitivity syndrome induced by work exposure to quaternary amines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994; 94(2 Pt 1):257-9.##30. French GL, Otter JA, Shannon KP, Adams NM, Watling D, Parks MJ. Tackling contamination of the hospital environment by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a comparison between conventional terminal cleaning and hydrogen peroxide vapour decontamination. J Hosp Infect. 2004; 57(1):31-7.##31. Sharma M, Hudson JB. Ozone gas is an effective and practical antibacterial agent. Am J Infect Control. 2008; 36(8):559-63.##32. Boyce JM, Havill NL, Otter JA, McDonald LC, Adams NM, Cooper T, et al. Impact of hydrogen peroxide vapor room decontamination on Clostridium difficile environmental contamination and transmission in a healthcare setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29(8):723-9.##33. Clark J, Barrett SP, Rogers M, Stapleton R. Efficacy of super-oxidized water fogging in environmental decontamination. J Hosp Infect. 2006; 64(4):386-90.##34. Bates CJ, Pearse R. Use of hydrogen peroxide vapour for environmental control during a Serratia outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 61(4):364-6.##35. Dryden M, Parnaby R, Dailly S, Lewis T, Davis-Blues K, Otter JA, et al. Hydrogen peroxide vapour decontamination in the control of a polyclonal meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak on a surgical ward. J Hosp Infect. 2008; 68(2):190-2.##36. Jeanes A, Rao G, Osman M, Merrick P. Eradication of persistent environmental MRSA. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 61(1):85-6.##37. Otter JA, Cummins M, Ahmad F, van Tonder C, Drabu YJ. Assessing the biological efficacy and rate of recontamination following hydrogen peroxide vapour decontamination. J Hosp Infect. 2007;67(2):182-8.##38. Shapey S, Machin K, Levi K, Boswell TC. Activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide system against environmental Clostridium difficile contamination in elderly care wards. J Hosp Infect. 2008; 70(2):136-41.##39. Barbut F, Menuet D, Verachten M, Girou E. Comparison of the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide dry-mist disinfection system and sodium hypochlorite solution for eradication of Clostridium difficile spores. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009; 30(6):507-14.##40. Hudson JB, Sharma M, Petric M. Inactivation of Norovirus by ozone gas in conditions relevant to healthcare. J Hosp Infect. 2007; 66(1):40-5.##41. de Boer HE, van Elzelingen-Dekker CM, van Rheenen-Verberg CM, Spanjaard L. Use of gaseous ozone for eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the home environment of a colonized hospital employee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27(10):1120-8.##42. Berrington AW, Pedler SJ. Investigation of gaseous ozone for MRSA decontamination of hospital side-rooms. J Hosp Infect. 1998; 40(1):61-5.##43. Landa-Solis C, Gonzalez-Espinosa D, Guzman-Soriano B, Snyder M, Reyes-Teran G, Torres K, et al. Microcyn: a novel super-oxidized water with neutral pH and disinfectant activity. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 61(4):291-9.##44. Jensen PA, Lambert LA, Iademarco MF, Ridzon R. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005; 54(17):1- 141. ##45. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities; 2008. ##46. Rutala WA, Gergen MF, Weber DJ. Microbiologic evaluation of microfiber mops for surface disinfection. Am J Infect Control. 2007; 35(9):569-73.##47. Schafer MP, Kujundzic E, Moss CE, Miller SL. Method for estimating ultraviolet germicidal influence rates in a hospital room. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29(11):1042-7.##48. Andersen BM, Banrud H, Boe E, Bjordal O, Drangsholt F. Comparison of UV C light and chemicals for disinfection of surfaces in hospital isolation units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27(7):729-34.##49. Centers for Disease Control and Epidemiology. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infections among chronic hemodialysis patients. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001; 50(RR-5):1-43. ##50. Dettenkofer M, Block C. Hospital disinfection: efficacy and safety issues. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005; 18(4):320-5.## ##

The effectiveness of instructing hardiness components on anxiety level of National Olympic Committee personnel in Islamic Republic of Iran 2 2 Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of instructing hardiness components on anxiety level of National Olympic Committee personnel. Materials and methods: The study was a semi-experimental research. The statistical population included all the personnel of the National Olympic Committee of Islamic Republic of Iran employed in 2013-2014 who contained 117 individuals. Simple random sampling method was used to recruit 25 participants (15 males and 10 females) for the study. The research tools used in the study were hardiness and Ketel's anxiety questionnaires. Data were analyzed through SPSS software using independent t-test and multivariate regression. Results: Findings showed that the mean of anxiety changed before and after instructing hardiness components because all the meaningful values were less than 0.05 of significance level. In a word, instructing hardiness component influenced anxiety. Conclusion: Results of this research indicated that hardiness predicts the changes related to the hardiness problems to a large extent. Therefore, it explains the negative relation of hardiness with anxiety. It means that this technique reduces anxiety and increases the efficiency and effectiveness in the organization as much as individuals learn the technique to oppose the stress by instructing hardiness. These results represent the important role of instructing hardiness to decline work anxiety. 14 20 2014/12/162014/08/26 1393/6/4 2014/12/162014/10/5 1393/7/13 Loghman Keshavarz Loghman Keshavarz Iran keshavarzlo@yahoo.com Morteza Rezaeesoufi Morteza Rezaeesoufi Iran mrsoufi@pnu.ac.ir Abolfazl Farahani Abolfazl Farahani Iran afarahani@pnu.ac.ir Hematolah Bastami Hematolah Bastami Iran hemmat_bastami@yahoo.com Hardiness anxiety Olympic Committee personnel 1. Salehi-Nezhad MA, Besharat MA. Relations of resilience and hardiness with sport achievement and mental health in a sample of athletes. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2010; 5 (1); 757-63. ##2. Aghaei A, Hasanzadeh R, Mahdad A, Atashpuor SH. Occupational stress and mental health of employees of a petrochemical company before and after privatization. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2010; 1(2):75-80.##3. Britt TW, Adler AB, Bartone PT. Deriving benefits from stressful events: the role of engagement in meaningful work and hardiness. J Occup Health Psychol. 2001; 6(1):53-63.##4. Kobasa SC. Stressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979; 37(1):1-11.##5. Kobasa SC, Puccetti MC. Personality and social resources in stress resistance. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983; 45(4):839-50.##6. Maddi SR. Relevance of hardiness assessment and training to the military context. Milit Psychol. 2007; 19 (1):61-70.##7. Finch TL, Bamford C, Deary V, Sabin N, Parry SW. Making sense of a cognitive behavioural therapy intervention for fear of falling: qualitative study of intervention development. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14(3):436-42.##8. Williams PG, Wiebe DJ, Smith TW. Coping processes as mediators of the relationship between hardiness and health. J Behav Med. 1992; 15(3):237-55.##9. Chennoufi L, Ellouze F, Cherif W, Mersni M, M\'rad MF. [Stress and burnout among Tunisian teachers]. Encephale. 2012; 38(6):480-7.##10. Wang Y, Ramos A, Wu H, Liu L, Yang X, Wang J, Wang L. Relationship between occupational stress and burnout among Chinese teachers: a cross-sectional survey in Liaoning, China. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2014; 5(2):123-8.##11. Wasuida N. The relationship among organizational commitment, self-efficacy and businesses performance: an empirical study of hotel businesses in Thailand. 2012; 12(2):421-8.## ##

Nandrolone decanoate administration can increase apoptosis in spermatogenesis cell lines in male rats 2 2 Introduction: Anabolic – androgenic steroids (AAS) are used at high doses by athletes for improving athletic ability, muscle mass and physical appearance. Unfortunately, the abuse of these agents has been significantly increased. It has been established that exercise and high doses of AAS may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which can in turn affect testicular apoptosis and male fertility. However, the effect of the combination of exercise and high doses of AAS on testicular apoptosis is not known .This study investigated combined effects of exercise and high doses of nandrolone decanoate (an AAS) on the sperm quality, male sex organs weight and spermatogenenic apoptosis. Materials and methods: For the study 30 rats were randomly divided into three different groups (10 animals in each group). Group A, control (Cont), without any injection group B, (sham) rats received solvent of nandrolone decanoate (peanut oil) and in group C, nandrolone decanoate was injected intramuscularly at a dose of 10 mg/kg per week for eight weeks. Results: Body weight changes were shown to be different significantly between control and experiment groups (P<0.0001). Prostates and seminal vesicles weight were significantly different between control and experiment groups (respectively, P<0.05 and P<0.001). Related right and left testes weight was significantly decreased in the experiment group compared to the control group (respectively, P<0.01 and P<0.05). Sperm quality markers were significantly different between control and experiment groups (P<0.0001). The number of normal germ cells in experiment group was decreased in compared with control group. Conclusion: This study concluded that nandrolone decanoate could decrease infertility rate in male system. 21 31 2014/12/162014/08/262014/12/20 1393/9/29 2014/12/162014/10/52014/12/28 1393/10/7 Saeed Shokri Saeed Shokri Iran saeedshus@gmail.com Tahmineh Mokhtari Tahmineh Mokhtari Iran mokhtari.tmn@gmail.com Monireh Azizi Monireh Azizi Iran hp1442002@yahoo.com Hojjat-allah Abbaszadeh Hojjat-allah Abbaszadeh Iran hoomanabs@gmail.com Ardeshir Moayeri Ardeshir Moayeri Iran moayeri46@yahoo.com Nandrolone Decanoate apoptosis testis rat 1. Minaii B, Moayeri A, Shokri S, Melatonin Improve the Sperm Quality in Forced Swimming Test Induced Oxidative Stress in Nandrolone Treated Wistar Rats. Acta Med Acad. 2014;52(7):496-504##2. Bahrke MS, Yesalis CS. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and related substances in sport and exercise. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004;4(6):614-20.##3. Clark AS, Harrold EV, Fast AS. Anabolic–androgenic steroid effects on the sexual behavior of intact male rats. Horm Behav. 1997;31(1):35-46.##4. Torres-Calleja J, Gonzalez-Unzaga M, DeCelis-Carrillo R, Calzada-Sanchez L, Pedron N. Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on sperm quality and serum hormone levels in adult male bodybuilders. Life sci. 2001;68(15):1769-74##5. Lubna H, Tahtamouni A, Noor H. Mustafa A, Iman M. Hassan A, Iman M, Ahmad A. Nandrolone Decanoate administration to male rats induces oxidative stress, seminiferous tubules abnormalities, and sperm DNA fragmentation. Jordan J Biol Sci. 2010; 3(4): 165-74.##6. Shokri S, Aitken RJ, Abdolvahhabi, Abolhasani F. Exercise and supraphysiological dose of nandrolone deconoate increase apoptosis in spermatogenic cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;106(4):324-30.##7. Shokri S, Hemadi M, Bayat G, Bahmanzadeh M. Combination of running exercise and high dose of anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, increases protamine deficiency and DNA damage in rat spermatozoa. Andrologia. 2013; 46(2):184-90.##8. Weikert S, Schrader M, Müller M, Schulze W. Expression levels of the inhibitor of apoptosis survivin in testes of patients with normal spermatogenesis and spermatogenic failure. Fertil Steril. 2005;83(4):1100-5.##9. Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007;35(4):495-516.##10. Seed J, Chapin RE, Clegg ED, Dostal LA, Foote RH, Hurtt ME, et al. Methods for assessing sperm motility, morphology, and counts in the rat, rabbit, and dog: a consensus report. Reprod Toxicol. 1996;10(3):237-44. ##11. Lubna TH, Mustafa H Noor , Hassan M Iman , Ahmad M Iman. Nandrolone Decanoate administration to male rats induced oxidative stress, seminiferous tubules abnormalities, and sperm DNA fragmentation. Biol Sci. 2010;3:J165-74 ##12. O\'sullivan AJ, Kennedy MC, Casey JH, Day RO. Anabolic-androgenic steroids: medical assessment of present, past and potential users. Med J Australia. 2000;173(6):323-7.##13. Nooraf SHan A, Karbalay‐Doust S, Ardekani FM. High doses of nandrolone decanoate reduce volume of testis and length of seminiferous tubules in rats. APMIS. 2005;113(2):122-5.##14. Montoto LG, Magaña C, Tourmente M, Martín-Coello J, Crespo C, Luque-Larena JJ, et al. Sperm competition, sperm numbers and sperm quality in muroid rodents. PloS One. 2011;6(3):e18173.## ##

Epidemiological assessment of Congenital Hypothyroidism in Ilam province between 2005 -2011 2 2 Introduction: Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common cause of mental retardation in the world. The presence of hypothyroidism in fetal is lead to abnormalities in major organs, including nervous system and central skeleton. Aim of this study was to investigate epidemiologic situation of neonatal hypothyroidism in Ilam province between 2005 -2011. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study. The number of 27258 infants was born in Ilam province from 2005 till 2011. Among these infants who were enterned to screening program of congenital hypothyroidism, about 162 cases were identified as congenital hypothyroidism patients. The data were analyzed through SPSS software. Results: From identified patients, 95 infants (58.9%) were male. Incidence rate was 5 in 1000 live birth. There was a significant correlation between birth weight and T4 level (P = 0.02). The analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between gender of neonate and TSH level (P = 0.009). Conclusion: Prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in Ilam province compare to other parts of country was high. Due to the importance of hypothyroidism in mental retardation, encouraging of parents to attend screening test seems to be necessary. 32 38 2014/12/162014/08/262014/12/202014/04/14 1393/1/25 2014/12/162014/10/52014/12/282014/08/31 1393/6/9 Asrin Karimi Asrin Karimi Iran karimi.asrin@gmail.com Reza Beiranvand Reza Beiranvand Iran beiranvandreza@ymail.com Ali Delpisheh Ali Delpisheh Iran alidelpisheh@yahoo.com Kourosh Sayehmiri Kourosh Sayehmiri Iran kourosh_sayehmiri@yahoo.com Asadollah Ehsanzadeh Asadollah Ehsanzadeh Iran Congenital hypothyroidism epidemiology mental retardation 1. Eftekhari N, Asadikaram Gh, Khaksari M, Salari Z, Ebrahimzadeh M. [The prevalence rate of congenital hypothyroidism in Kerman/Iran in 2005 -2007]. Kerman J Uni Med Sci. 2008; 15(3): 243-50. (Persian)##2. Kalantari S. [Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in Rasht]. J Guilan Uni Med Sci. 2004; 13(50): 76-80. (Persian)##3. Gillam MP, Kopp P. Genetic regulation of thyroid development. Curr Opin Pediatric. 2001; 13(4): 358-63.##4. Delange F. Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism: Results and Perspectives. Horm Res. 1997; 48(2): 56-61.##5. Ordukhanee A, Najafi R, Mehrab Y, Goldeste A, Padyab M, Mirmiran P, et al. [Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism late but promising beginning. Iran J Endocr Metab]. 2003; 5(18): 133-8. (Persian)##6. Dreimane D, Varma SK. Common childhood thyroid disorders. Indian J Pediatr.1997; 64: 3-10.##7. Tylek-Lemanska D, Ratajczak R, Szczepaniak B, Dziatkowiak H, Rybakowa M. [Mass screening program for congenital hypothyroidism in south-eastern Poland]. J Pediatr Endocr Metab. 1999; 12: 653-7. (Persian)##8. Mahachoklert WP, Phuapradit W, Siripoonya P, Charoenpol O, Thuvasethakul P, Rajatanavir R. Five-year thyrotrophic screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Ramathibodi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 1999; 82 (1): 27-32.##9. Klett M. Epidemiology of congenital hypothyroidism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1997;105 Suppl 4:19-23.##10. Azizi F, Oladi B, Nafarabadi M, Hajipour R. [Screening for congenital hypothyroidism diagnosis in Tehran: Effect of idion deficiency in TSH transitory increase in newborns]. Shahid Beheshti J Uni Med Sci 1994; 18(1): 24-38. (Persian)##11. Shamshiri AR, Yarahmadi S, Forouzanfar MH, Haghdoost AA, Hamzehloo G, Holakouie Naieni K. Evaluation of current guthrie TSH cut-off point in Iran congenital hypothyroidism screening program: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Iran Med. 2012;15(3):136-41.##12. Delavari AR, Yarahmadi S, Birjandi R, Mahdavi AR, Norouzi Nejad A, Dini M. Cost- Benefit analysis of the neonatal screening program implementation for congenital hypothyroidism in Iran. Int J Endocr Metab. 2006; 4(1): 84-7. ##13. Azizi F. [Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: late but promising]. J Endocr Metab. 2004; 6(1): 1-3. (Persian)##14. Kligman RM, Stanton BF, ST. Geme JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE.Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Saunders; 2011. P. 1895-6.##15. Davari A, Yarahmadi Sh, Mahdavi hazaveh A, Nowruzi nezhad A, et al. and Hypothyroidism Disease. Tehran: Department of Treatment and Medical Training, Diseases Controlling Center;2007. P.2-3. ##16. Clague A, Thomas A. Neonatal biochemical screening for disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2002; 315: 99-110.##17. Hashemipour M, Amini M, Iranpour R, Javadi A, Sadri Qh, et al. [High prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in Isfahan]. Iran J Endocr Metab 2004; 6(1): 13-9. (Persian)##18. Ordukhani A, Mirmiran P, Hedayati M, Hajipour R, Azizi F. [Reports of Descriptive and Etiologic Results 1997-2001]. Iran J Endocr Metab. 2004; 4(3): 153-160. (Persian)##19. Karamizadeh Z, Amirhakimi GH. [Incidence of Congenital Hypothyroidism in Fars province, Iran]. Iran J Med Sci. 1992; 17(3): 78-80. (Persian)##20. Ojule AC, Osotimehin OB. Maternal and neonatal thyroid status in Saki, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci. 1998; 27: 57-61. ##21. Hall SK, Hutchesson AC, Krik JM. Congenital hypothyroidism, seasonality and Consanguinity in the West Midlands, England. Acta Prediatr. 1999; 88(4): 212-5.##22. Rosenthal M, Addison GM, Price DA. Congenital hypothyroidism: increased incidence in Asian families. Arch Dis Child. 1988; 63(7): 790-3.##23. Robert HE, Moore CA, Fernhoff PM, Brown AL, Khouri MJ. Population Study of Congenital Hypothyroidism and Associated Birth Defects, Atlanta, 1979-1992. Am J Med Genet. 1997; 71(8): 29-32.##24. Safaralizadeh F, Sadifi R, Partoazam H. [Frequency of congenital hypothyroidism and relationship with some risk factors in health-treatment centers in Khoy, 2006-2007]. Orumiye J Obstetr Nurs. 2009; 8(1): 35-9. (Persian)##25. Kalantari S. [Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism diagnosis in Rasht]. Guilan J Uni Med Sci. 2004; 13 (50):142-8. (Persian)##26. Foley TP Jr. Congenital hypothyroidism. In: Braver man LE, Utiger RD, editors. Warner and Ingbars the Thyroid: A fundamental and clinical text. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. P. 977-83.##27. Delange F. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism used as an indicator of the degree of iodine deficiency and of its control. Thyroid. 1998; 8(12): 1185-92.##28. La Franchi St. Hypothyroidism In: Behrman R, Kliegman R, Jenson H, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics.17th ed. Saunders Company; 2004.P.1872-6.##29. Akhavirad MB, Rafati Sh, Borna H, Zaeri F, Safabakhsh M. [Assessment of neonatal hypothyroidism frequency with indirect hyperbilirubinmi]. Med Daneshvar Sci-Res J. 2007;5(2): 70-7. (Persian) ##30. Honarpisheh A. Frequency of congenital hypothyroidism among neonates with prolonged jaundice in Kashan. Tebbo Tzkiye; 2003.##31. Namkin K, Sedighi E, Sharifzadeh G, Zardast M. [Prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in south Khorasan province]. J Birjand Uni Med Sci. 2012; 19(2): 191-9. (Persian)##32. Nourishadkam M, Jafarizadeh M, Mirzaei M. [Prevalence of Hypothyroidism and increasing TSH transitory in Yazd province]. Sedoghi Yazd J Uni Med Sci. 2008; 16(3): 15-20. (Persian)##33. Akhi O, Shabani M, Kosaryan M, Qhafari V, Sajadisaroi N. [Prevalence assessment of congenital hypothyroidism in Mazandaran province (2007-2008)]. Mzandaran J Uni Med Sci. 2011; 21(84): 72-9. (Persian)##34. Mengreli C, Kassiou K, Tsagaraki S, Pantelakis S. Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism in Greece. Eur J Pediatr. 1981; 137(2): 185-7.##35. Fisher DA. Disorder of the Thyroid in the newborn and infant. In: Sperling MA ed. Pediatrics endocrinology 1st ed. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Company; 1996.P.51-70.##36. Leger J, Marinovic D, Garel C, Bonaiti-Pellie C, Polak M, Czernichow P. Thyroid development anomalies in first degree relatives of children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2002; 87 (2): 575-80.##37. Castanet M, Polak M, Bonaiti-Pellie C, Lyonnet S, Leger J, Czernichow P. On behalf of AFDPHE (Association Françoise pour le depistage et al prevention des handicaps de 1Enfan). Nineteen years of national screening for congenital hypothyroidism: familial cases with thyroid digenesis suggest the involvement of genetics factors. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2001; 86(5): 2009-14.##38. Khorshidi A, Sayehmiri K. The impact of public partnership on identifying patients with Tuberculosis in Darrehshahr, Iran. Iran J Epi. 2011; 6(4): 1-7.##39. Esmailnasab N, Moasses Qhafari B, Afkhamzadeh A. [Risk Factors of Congenital Hypothyroidism in neonates of Kurdistan province]. Kurdistan J Uni Med Sci. 2012;6(3): 103-8. ##40. Medda E, Olivier A, Stazi MA, Grandolfo ME, Fazzini C, Baserga M, et al. Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: results of a population case- control study (1997-2003). Eur J Endocr. 2005; 153(5): 765-73.## ##

Prevalence of Internet addiction in Iranian high school students a cross-sectional study 2 2 Introduction: Internet addiction is a global problem that caused negative effects on health. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Internet addiction in Iranian high school students in 2014. Materials and methods: In a cross – sectional study assessed the prevalence of Internet addiction among 381 high school students in Ilam, in 2014. The samples were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. Data was collected by a two-part questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire was included the personal characteristics. Second part of the questionnaire was Internet Addiction Test (ITA) -20. SPSS software Package 16 was used to analyze the data. Results: Overall 75 (19.7%) students put into the Internet addiction group. Mild and moderate Internet addiction reported in 18.1% and 1.6% of all participants, respectively. There were any cases of sever Internet addiction. The mean Internet used to be 2.12 ± 2.32 and 3.57 ± 2.7 hours in non-Internet addiction and internet addiction groups, respectively (P < 0.000). The mean Internet access was 8.11 ± 6.7 and 8.2 ± 5.75 hours in non-Internet addiction and internet addiction groups, respectively. Conclusion: Internet addiction is a serious issue in teenagers. High school students possess a high danger for internet addiction. Therefore, education about the proper use of the Internet is necessary for high school students. 39 44 2014/12/162014/08/262014/12/202014/04/142014/11/22 1393/9/1 2014/12/162014/10/52014/12/282014/08/312015/01/18 1393/10/28 Ataollah Hashemian Ataollah Hashemian Iran direkvand-a@medilam.ac.ir Ashraf Direkvand-Moghadam Ashraf Direkvand-Moghadam Iran direkvand-a@medilam.ac.ir Ali Delpisheh Ali Delpisheh Iran direkvand-a@medilam.ac.ir Azadeh Direkvand-Moghadam Azadeh Direkvand-Moghadam Iran direkvand-a@medilam.ac.ir Zeinab Kolivand Zeinab Kolivand Iran direkvand-a@medilam.ac.ir Behavioral addiction Ilam Iranian high school students 1. Spear LP. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000; 24(4):417-63.##2. Holden C. \'Behavioral\' addictions: do they exist? Science. 2001; 294(5544):980-2.##3. Bakken IJ, Wenzel HG, Gotestam KG, Johansson A, Oren A. Internet addiction among Norwegian adults: a stratified probability sample study. Scand J Psychol. 2009; 50(2):121-7.##4. Fitzpatrick JJ. Internet addiction: recognition and interventions. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2008; 22(2):59-60.##5. Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC. The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. Eur Psychiatry. 2012; 27(1):1-8.##6. Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Wu HY, Yang MJ. The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. J Adolesc Health. 2007; 41(1):93-8.##7. Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC. The association between harmful alcohol use and Internet addiction among college students: comparison of personality. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009; 63(2):218-24.##8. Ryu EJ, Choi KS, Seo JS, Nam BW. The relationships of Internet addiction, depression, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004; 34(1):102-10.##9. Nazir S, Hawi. Internet addiction among adolescents in Lebanon. Computers in Human Behavior. 2012; 28:1044-53.##10. Tsitsika A, Janikian M, Schoenmakers TM, Tzavela EC, Olafsson K, Wójcik S, et al. Internet Addictive Behavior in Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study in Seven European Countries. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014; 17(8):528-35.##11. Johanson A, Gotestam KG. Internet addiction: Characteristics of a questionnaire and prevalence in Norwegian youth (12–18 years). Scand J Psychol. 2004; 45(3): 223-9.##12. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Quercioli L. The shorter PROMIS questionnaire and the Internet addiction scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high school population: Prevalence and related disability. CNS Spectrums. 2006; 1(12): 966-74.##13. Siomos E K, Dafouli DE, Braimiotis A, Mouzas OD, Angelopoulos NV. Internet addiction among Greek adolescent students. Cyb Psychol Behav. 2008; 11: 653-57.##14. Tripodaki E, Kormas G, Konstantoulaki E, Andrie E, NassisG, Freskou A, et al. Internet use and abuse in an adolescent population in Athens: associations with psychological profile and lifestyle of users. Pediatrics.2008; 121:89-90.##15. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fourth edition, text revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.##16. Ahn DH. Korean policy on treatment and rehabilitation for adolescents, Internet addiction, in 2007. International symposium on the counseling and treatment of youth internet addiction. Seoul, Korea: National Youth Commission; 2007. P.49.##17. Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Net. 1998; 1:237-44.##18. Young KS. Cognitive behaviour therapy with internet addicts: treatment outcomes and implications. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Net. 2007; 10:671-80.##19. Shek DT, Tang VM, Lo CY. Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: assessment, profiles, and psychosocial correlates. Sci World J. 2008; 8:776-87.##20. Durkee T, Kaess M, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, Floderus B,et al. Prevalence of pathological internet use among adolescents in Europe: demographic and social factors. Addiction. 2012; 107(12):2210-22.##21. Alavi S S , Eslami M , Meracy M, Najafi M , Jannatifard F , Rezapour H. Psychometric properties of Young internet addiction test. Behav Sci. 2010; 4 (3):7-8.##22. Alavi S, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Rezapour H. Survey on validity and reliability of diagnostic questionnaire of internet addiction disorder in students users. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011; 13 (7) :34-38. ##23. Goel D, Subramanyam A, Kamath R. A study on the prevalence of internet addiction and its association with psychopathology in Indian adolescents. Ind J Psychiatry. 2012; 55(2):140-3.##24. Cash H, Rae CD, Steel AH, Winkler A. Internet Addiction: A Brief Summary of Research and Practice. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2012; 8(4):292-8.##25. Chakraborty K, Basu D, Vijaya Kumar KG. Internet addiction: consensus, controversies, and the way ahead. East Asian Arch Psychiatry.2010; 20(3):123-32.##26. Sasmaz T, Oner S, Kurt AÖ, Yapici G, Yazici AE, Bugdayci R, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Internet addiction in high school students. Eu J Publ Health. 2014; 24(1):15-20.##27. Tang J, Yu Y, Du Y, Ma Y, Zhang D, Wang J. et al. Prevalence of internet addiction and its association with stressful life events and psychological symptoms among adolescent internet users. Addict Behav. 2014; 39(3):744-7.##28. Liberatore KA, Rosario K, Colon-De Marti LN, Martínez KG. Prevalence of Internet addiction in Latino adolescents with psychiatric diagnosis. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Net. 2011; 14(6):399-402.##29. Ghamari F, Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadsalehi N, Hashiani AA. Internet addiction and modeling its risk factors in medical students, iran. Ind J Psychol Med. 2011; 33(2):158-62. ##30. Ko CH, Hsiao S, Liu GC, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Yen CF. The characteristics of decision making, potential to take risks, and personality of college students with Internet addiction. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 175(1-2):121-5.##31. Salehi M, Norozi Khalili M, Hojjat S, Salehi M, Danesh A. Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Associated Factors Among Medical Students From Mashhad, Iran in 2013. IRCMJ. 2014; 16(5):e17256. ##32. Kormas G, Critselis E, Janikian M, Kafetzis D, Tsitsika A. Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health.2011;11:595. ## ##

Comparison of anxiolytic effects of root extract of winter cherry (Withania somnifera) with the effects of diazepam in male wistar rats 2 2 Introduction: Anxiety is a generalized and extremely unpleasant feeling of vague dread of unknown origin which is accompanied by physical feelings like exhaustion, chest tightness, palpitations, sweating, headache, sudden desire to urinate, restlessness, and a desire to move. Anxiety is one of the most common psychiatric disorders which lead to problems in many aspects of individual, family, and social life. According to some studies, one out of every four people experiences a type of an anxiety disorder in lifetime. Medicinal plants play an important role in treating the disease and they cause milder symptoms in comparison with chemical drugs. Hence in this research, the anxiolytic effect of the extract of winter cherry (Withania somnifera) was compared with the effect of diazepam which is a chemical drug. Materials and methods: After extraction of essence from the roots of the plant, the collected root extract was injected intraperitoneally with doses of 150, 100, 75, 50, and 25،mg/kg. Diazepam was injected with a dose of 1 mg/kg and the same volume of saline was also injected 30 min before assessing anxiolytic effects. Plus-maze apparatus was used to study animal behavior. Results: The largest and the smallest amount of OAT were attributed to doses of150 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively. The best dose of root extract was 75 mg / kg,becausehigher amounts of the root extract did not result in a significant difference. Conclusion: Winter cherry root extract reduces anxiety, and a dose of 75 mg/kg generated an effect similar to that of diazepam. However, it reduced locomotor activity. 45 51 2014/12/162014/08/262014/12/202014/04/142014/11/222014/08/25 1393/6/3 2014/12/162014/10/52014/12/282014/08/312015/01/182014/09/9 1393/6/18 Safora Mirzaei Safora Mirzaei Iran s.mirzaie89@yahoo.com Sattar Kaikhavani Sattar Kaikhavani Iran asnsohrabi@gmail.com Gholamreza Mirzaei Gholamreza Mirzaei Iran asnsohrabi@gmail.com Ali Sohrabnezhad Ali Sohrabnezhad Iran sohrabi-a@medilam.ac.ir Reza Valizadeh Reza Valizadeh Iran Dr-rezavalizadeh@yahoo.com Winter cherry diazepam anxiolytic rats 1. Saki K, Bahmani M, Hassanzadazar H, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Dehghan K, Bahmani V, et al. Knowledge, belief and performance of staff in food and drug deputy of Urmia University of medical sciences than the use of herbal medicines. Middle-East J Sci Re. 21; 2014 (5): 818-23. ##2. Dhuley JN. Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidantion in stress- induced animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 60:173-8.##3. Devi PU, Sharada AC, Solomon FE, Kamath MS. In vivo growth inhibitory effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on a transplantable mouse tumor, Sarcoma 180. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992; 30(3):169-72.##4. Andallu B, Radhika B. Hypoglycemic, diuretie and hypocholoesterolemic effect of winter cherry (withania somnia, dunal) root. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000; 38(6):607-9.##5. Ahmad M, Saleem S, Shafique-Ahmad A, Ansari MA, Yousuf S, Hoda N, et al. Neuroproteetive effect of Withanic Somnifera on 6- hydroxyl- dopamine indvce pqrkinsonism in rat. Human Exper Toxicol. 2005; 24: 137-47.##6. Dohavan KD, Havan SC, Habra S. Attenuation of benzodiazepine dependence in mice by a trisobstitoted benzoflavone moiety of passi flora in carnate linneaus. A non- habit forming anxiolytic. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2003; 6(2): 215-25.##7. Shera FK. Increased anxiety attrered responsiveness to anxiojtic in mice deficient in the GAD65. Neurobiology.1999; 96(4):1689-703.##8. James-Sadock B, Alcott-Sadock V. Kaplan and Sadock\'s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychiatry, 10th edition. Indian J Psychiatry. 2009; 51(4): 331.##9. Venkata-Kurapati KR, Rao-Atluri VS, Samikkannu T. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) reverses β-amyloid1-42 induced toxicity in human neuronal cells: Implications in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). PLoS One. 2013; 8(10): e77624.##10. Devi PV, Sharada AC, Solomon FE, et al. In vivo growth inhibitory effect of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) on atransplan table mouse tumaro, Sarcoma 1800 Indian. Exp Biol. 1992, 30(1):169-72.##11. Simmons LK, May PC, Tomaselli KJ, Rydel RE, Fuson KS, Brigham EF, et al. Secondary structure of amyloid pepdide with neurotoxic activity in vitro. Mol Pharmacol.1994;45:373-9. ## ##

Ergonomic assessment of Sina car montage industry employees \'working positions by REBA (Rapid entire body assessment) 2 2 Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are most important work-related injuries and debilities in developed and developing industrial countries. In the recent years, the rate of injuries and MSDs in car montage industries compared with other industries was so more. Therefore, the purpose of present study was focused on ergonomic assessment of sina car montage industry employees’ working positions in Hamedan. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2013. 120 workers with 60 occupational duties from different sections were selected as samples and REBA Technique (high consistency and allow ability) was carried out to assess musculoskeletal loads on workers due to their postures, repetition, and force. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) was also used to obtain prevalence of entire body disorders. Finally, data was analyzed by use of statistical tests. Results: During last year, most suffering from MSDs in studied persons was related to waistline region (34.4%) that was followed by neck and wrist (each of them 31.2%). No tasks were placed in action level of 0 and few cases were in action level of one. Thereby, further actions, ergonomic designing solutions, and multiple preventions are necessary. Other findings are indicated that A limbs compared with B limbs are in higher risk levels, ergonomically and thus incidence of sufferings is greater in these limbs. Conclusion: The result of present study will point out a need to develop and apply a program by using of ergonomic concepts in order to prevent from MSDs in different car montage industries in the country. Also, it induces the need for improvement procelures for omission of improper postures in studied industry. 52 59 2014/12/162014/08/262014/12/202014/04/142014/11/222014/08/252014/12/8 1393/9/17 2014/12/162014/10/52014/12/282014/08/312015/01/182014/09/92015/01/31 1393/11/11 Abdulmajid Garkaz Abdulmajid Garkaz Iran majid-garkaz@yahoo.com Nematullah Kurd Nematullah Kurd Iran kurd_hse@yahoo.com Majid Moatamedzade Majid Moatamedzade Iran moatamedzade@yahoo.com nasrin Shirmohamadi nasrin Shirmohamadi Iran shirmohammadi@yahoo.com Ergonomic assessment automobile montage REBA 1. Öztürk N, Esin MN. Investigation of musculoskeletal symptoms and ergonomic risk factors among female sewing machine operators in Turkey. Int J Industr Ergon. 2011; 41(1):585-591.##2. Hagberg M, Morgenstern H, Kelsh M. Impact of occupational and job tasks on the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome: a review. Scan J Work Environ Health. 1992; 18(1):277-9.##3. Burnett DR, Kyureghyan NH. Quantification of scan-specific ergonomic risk-factors in medical sonography. In J Industr Ergon. 2010; 40(1):306-14.##4. Najarkola S, Mirzaei R. Assessment of musculoskeletal loads of electric factory workers by rapid entire body assessment. J Health Scope. 2012; 1(2):71-9.##5. Meksawi S, Tangtrakulwanich B, Chongsuvivatwong V. Musculoskeletal problems and ergonomic risk assessment in rubber tappers: A community-based study in southern Thailand. Int J Industr Ergon. 2012; 42(1):129-35.##6. Choobine A, Mokhtarzade A, Salehi M, Tabatabaie H. Ergonomic assessment of the risk musculoskeletal disorders by methods QEC in a rubber factory. Med J. 2006; 7(1):46-55.##7. Habibi E, Karimi S, Hasanzade A. Ergonomic assessment of risks posed by the study investigator to duplicate the activities of employment in assembly industry. J Occup Health. 2007; 5(1):70-5.##8. Barr E, Mari F, Brain D. work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the hand and wrist, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004; 34(10):610-627.##9. Pascual SA, Naqvi S. An investigation of ergonomics analysis tools used in industry in the identification of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2008; 14(2):237-45.##10. Lamarão AM, Costa LC, Comper ML, Padula RS. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian- Portuguese and reliability analysis of the instrument Rapid Entire Body Assessment-REBA. Braz J Phys Ther. 2014; 18(3):211-7.##11. Lee TH, Lee YH. An investigation of stability limits while holding a load. Ergonomics. 2003; 46(5):446-54. ##12. Jayaraman S, Dropkin J, Siby S, Alston LR, Markowitz S. Dangerous dining: health and safety in the New York City restaurant industry. J Occup Environ Med. 2011; 53(12):1418-24.##13. Bongers PM, Ijmker S, van den Heuvel S, Blatter BM. Epidemiology of work related neck and upper limb problems: psychosocial and personal risk factors (part I) and effective interventions from a bio behavioural perspective (part II). J Occup Rehabil. 2006; 16(3):279-302.##14. Gobba F1, Ghersi R, Martinelli S, Richeldi A, Clerici P, Grazioli P. [Italian translation and validation of the Nordic IRSST standardized questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms]. Med Lav. 2008; 99(6):424-43.##15. David G1, Woods V, Li G, Buckle P. The development of the Quick Exposure Check (QEC) for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Appl Ergon. 2008; 39(1):57-69.##16. Mortazavi S. Ergonomics and prevention of disabilities in children. J Special Edu. 2009; 36(5):9-13.##17. Andersen JH, Gaardboe O. Prevalence of persistent neck and upper limb pain in a historical cohort of sewing machine operators. Int J Industr Ergon.1993; 24 (6):677-87.##18. Ming Z, Zaproudina N. Review Computer use related upper limb musculoskeletal (RULA) disorders. Pathophysiology. 2003;9(1):155-60.##19. Park SK, Choi YJ, Moon DH, Chun JH. Work related musculoskeletal disorders of hairdresser. Korean J Occup Environ Med. 2000; 3(12): 395-404.##20. Naslsaraji J, Hosseini MH, shahtaheri SJ, golbabaei F, Gasemkhani M. Evaluation of ergonomic postures of dental professions by rapid entire body assessment (REBA), in birjand,iran. J Dentistry. 2005; 18(1):2-7.##21. La Botz D. Manufacturing poverty: the maquiladorization of Mexico. Int J Health Serv. 1994; 24(3):403-8.##22. Russo A, Murphy C, Lessoway V, Berkowitz S. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among British Columbia. Appl Ergon. 2002; 33(1):385-93.##23. Hashim AM, Dawal SZ, Yusoff N. Ergonomic evaluation of postural stress in school workshop. Work. 2012; 41 Suppl 1:827-31.##24. Mohammadfam I, Keianfar A, Afsartala B. Assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorders - muscle using RULA and QEC and compares them in industrial company. J Occup Health. 2010; 6(1):15-9.##25. Shanahan CJ, Vi P, Salas EA, Reider VL, Hochman LM, Moore AE. A comparison of RULA, REBA and Strain Index to four psychophysical scales in the assessment of non-fixed work. Work. 2013; 45(3):367-78.##26. Fredriksson K, Bildt C, Hagg G. The impact on musculoskeletal disorders of changing physical and psychosocial work environment conditions in the automobile industry. Int J Industr Ergon.2001; 28(3):31-45.## ##

The effects of Pethidine on the duration of active labor in nulliparous women 2 2 Introduction: Prolonged labor can lead to maternal and neonatal complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Pethidine on the duration of active labor in nulli-parous women. Materials and methods: In a randomized clinical 90 nulliparous women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at term were randomly assigned into two groups. The first group received 50 mg Pethidine IM and the second group received an equal volume Normal Saline IV as Placebo throughout active labor. Results: Affecting variables on labor outcomes were similar in two groups. The differences in the duration of the active phase of the first stage of labor were significant between groups (230.62 ± 31.19 min in the Pethidine group Vs 247.73 ± 37.94 min in Normal Saline group P=0.038). Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were similar in two groups P=0.203). Conclusion: This study showed that Pethidine is an effective agent in the labor duration and significantly decreased the duration of active phase of labor in nulli-parous women. 60 64 2014/12/162014/08/262014/12/202014/04/142014/11/222014/08/252014/12/82015/01/26 1393/11/6 2014/12/162014/10/52014/12/282014/08/312015/01/182014/09/92015/01/312015/02/5 1393/11/16 Ashraf Direkvand-Moghadam Ashraf Direkvand-Moghadam Ilam University of Medical Sciences Iran direkvand-a@medilam.ac.ir Ali Delpisheh Ali Delpisheh Iran Azadeh Direkvand-Moghadam Azadeh Direkvand-Moghadam Iran Elham Fathollahi Elham Fathollahi Iran Active phase nulli-parous women prolonged labor 1. Direkvand-Moghadam A, Rezaeian M. Increased intravenous hydration of nulliparas in labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012 ;118(3):213-5.##2. Direkvand Moghadam A, Jaafarpour M, Nouri M, Abbasi N. Effects of Oral Propranolol on Duration of Labor and Type of Delivery in Nulliparus Women with Prolonged Pregnancy. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2012;15(1):42-7.##3. Coco A, Vernacchio L, Horst M, Anderson A. Management of acute otitis media after publication of the 2004 AAP and AAFP clinical practice guideline. Pediatrics. 2010;125(2):214-20.##4. Coco A, Derksen-Schrock A, Coco K, Raff T, Horst M, Hussar E. A randomized trial of increased intravenous hydration in labor when oral fluid is unrestricted. Fam Med. 2010;42(1):52-6.##5. Simkin PP, O'Hara M. Nonpharmacologic relief of pain during labor: systematic reviews of five methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5 Suppl Nature):S131-59.##6. Kubli M, Scrutton MJ, Seed PT, O'Sullivan G. An evaluation of isotonic "sport drinks" during labor. Anesth Analg. 2002 ;94(2):404-8, table of contents.##7. Kavitha A, Chacko KP, Thomas E, Rathore S, Christoper S, Biswas B, et al. A randomized controlled trial to study the effect of IV hydration on the duration of labor in nulliparous women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 ;285(2):343-6.##8. Mitrani A, Oettinger M, Abinader EG, Sharf M, Klein A. Use of propranolol in dysfunctional labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1975;82(8):651-5.##9. Sanchez-Ramos L, Quillen MJ, Kaunitz AM. Randomized trial of oxytocin alone and with propranolol in the management of dysfunctional labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 ;88(4 Pt 1):517-20.##10. Adamsons K, de la Vega A, Santiago P. Reduction in the cesarean section rate in nulliparous patients after administration of intravenous propranolol. P R Health Sci J. 1999;18(1):5-8.##11. Schnabel A, Hahn N, Muellenbach R, Frambach T, Hoenig A, Roewer N, et al. [Obstetric analgesia in German clinics. Remifentanil as alternative to regional analgesia]. Anaesthesist. 2011;60(11):995-1001.##12. Ou X, Li B, Du H. [Clinical study: the effects of inhaling nitrous oxide for analgesia labor on pregnant women and fetus]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2001 ;36(7):399-401.##13. Su F, Wei X, Chen X, Hu Z, Xu H. [Clinical study on efficacy and safety of labor analgesia with inhalation of nitrous oxide in oxygen]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2002;37(10):584-7.##14. Konefal H, Jaskot B, Czeszynska MB. [Pethidine for labor analgesia; monitoring of newborn heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation during the first 24 hours after the delivery]. Ginekol Pol. 2012;83(5):357-62.##15. Keskin HL, Keskin EA, Avsar AF, Tabuk M, Caglar GS. Pethidine versus tramadol for pain relief during labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003;82(1):11-6.##16. Hawkins JM, Nambu M, Loren S. Asymmetric Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and alpha,beta-unsaturated acid chlorides. Org Lett. 2003 13;5(23):4293-5.##17. Terkawi AS, Wani TM, Al-Shuaibi KM, Tobias JD. Anesthetic considerations in Leigh disease: Case report and literature review. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012;6(2):181-5.##18. El-Refaie TA, El-Said MM, Shoukry AA, Khafagy SM, El-Din AS, Badawy MM. Meperidine for uterine dystocia and its effect on duration of labor and neonatal acid-base status: a randomized clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(2):383-9.##19. Abdollahi MH, Mojibian M, Pishgahi A, Mallah F, Dareshiri S, Mohammadi S, et al. Intravenous paracetamol versus intramuscular pethidine in relief of labour pain in primigravid women. Niger Med J. 2014;55(1):54-7.##20. Wee MY, Tuckey JP, Thomas PW, Burnard S. A comparison of intramuscular diamorphine and intramuscular pethidine for labour analgesia: a two-centre randomised blinded controlled trial. BJOG.2014;121(4):447-56.##21. Fleet J, Belan I, Jones M, Ullah S, Cyna A. A comparison of fentanyl with pethidine for pain relief during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2015 Jan 5. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13249.## ##