Identification of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Genes in Escherichia Coli Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection 2 2 Introduction: Recentlly, resistance to antibiotics has increased and antibiotic-resistant strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) have emerged among Enterobacteriaceae, mainly in Escherichia coli (E. coli). In this study we aimed to determine phenotypic and genotypic ESBL production in isolated E. coli from women with urinary tract infection (UTI). Materials and Methods: In total, 92 E. coli isolates were collected from patients with UTI. The antimicrobial susceptibility of all E. coli isolates were investigated. Morover, Mast D68C test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for phenotypic and genotypic investigation of ESBLs in the studied isolates. Results: Totally, 92 isolates of E. coli were investigated, among which 51 (55.4%) isolates were resistant to cefotaxime/ceftazidime. Theise resistante isolates were included in the study. Among the resistant isolates, 40 (78.4%) cases were ESBL producers. Moreover, all the 40 isolates were observed with both CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14 resistance genes. Conclusion: In general, high increasing prevalence of ESBL producer E. coil isolates of E. coil is a serious problem in the investigated region. Therefore, development of a rapid and simple method is essential to for the identification of various ESBL producer isolates. 1 7 2020/08/14 1399/5/24 2020/12/29 1399/10/9 Alireza Jahantabi Alireza Jahantabi Department of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran alirezajahantabi@gmail.com Farzaneh Hosseini Farzaneh Hosseini Department of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran hosseinmicrobiology@gmail.com Mohammad Asgharzadeh Mohammad Asgharzadeh Department of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Asgharzadeh.Mohammad@gmail.com Abbas Akhavan Sepehi Abbas Akhavan Sepehi Department of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran akhavansepahy@gmail.com Hossein Samadi Kafil Hossein Samadi Kafil Department of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran Samadi.hossein@yahoo.com Urinary tract infection Escherichia coli Extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M Mahdavi S, Tanhaeivash E, Isazadeh A. Investigating the presence and expression of stx1 gene in Escherichia coli isolated from women with urinary tract infection using real-time PCR in tabriz, Iran. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2018;6(4):104-7. doi: 10.15171/ijep.2018.26.##Garcia TA, Ventura CL, Smith MA, Merrell DS, O’Brien AD. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 and hemolysin from uropathogenic Escherichia coli elicit different host responses in the murine bladder. Infect Immun. 2013;81(1):99-109. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00605-12.##Mahdavi S, Isazadeh AR. Investigation of contamination rate and determination of pattern of antibiotic resistance in coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus isolated from domestic cheeses in Maragheh, Iran. Pathobiol Res. 2019;22(2):85-9.##Yari Z, Mahdavi S, Khayati S, Ghorbani R, Isazadeh A. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from urinary tract infections in women referred to Shahid Beheshti educational and therapeutic center in Maragheh city, year 2016. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sci. 2019;41(6):106-12. ##Mahdavi S, Azizi Dehbokri M, Isazadeh A. Contamination of chicken meat with salmonella spp distributed in mahabad city, iran. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2018;6(3):65-8. doi: 10.15171/ijep.2018.18.##Mahdavi S, Isazadeh A. Lactobacillus casei suppresses hfq gene expression in Escherichia coli O157: H7. Br J Biomed Sci. 2019;76(2):92-4. doi: 10.1080/09674845.2019.1567903.##Son SK, Lee NR, Ko JH, Choi JK, Moon SY, Joo EJ, Peck KR, Park DA. Clinical effectiveness of carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for treating ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(10):2631-42. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky168.##Niumsup PR, Tansawai U, Na-Udom A, Jantapalaboon D, Assawatheptawee K, Kiddee A, Romgaew T, Lamlertthon S, Walsh TR. Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal carriage of CTX-M-type ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae from a Thai community. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(1):69-75. doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-3102-9.##Dallenne C, Da Costa A, Decre D, Favier C, Arlet G. Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(3):490-5. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp498.##Pitout JD, Laupland KB. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae: An emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(3):159-66. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041.##Hasani A, Mohammadzadeh A, Samadi Kafil H, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Hasani A, Aghazadeh M. Characterization of TEM-, SHV-, CTX-and AmpC-type-lactamases from cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli isolates from Northwest of Iran. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2015;9(4):3401-6. ##Sadeghi MR, Ghotaslou R, Akhi MT, Asgharzadeh M, Hasani A. Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, plasmid-mediated AmpC cephalosporinase and carbapenemase genes among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in five medical centres of East and West Azerbaijan, Iran. J Med Microbiol. 2016;65(11):1322-31. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000356.##Jahantabi A, Hosseini F, Asgharzadeh M, Akhavan Sepehi A, Samadi Kafil H. Prevalence of AmpC and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli Isolates. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2020;22(2):e96842. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.96842.##Piatti G, Mannini A, Balistreri M, Schito AM. Virulence factors in urinary Escherichia coli strains: phylogenetic background and quinolone and fluoroquinolone resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(2):480-7. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01488-07.##Song S, Lee EY, Koh EM, Ha HS, Jeong HJ, Bae IK, Jeong SH. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Escherichia coli Isolates from urinary specimens. Korean J Lab Med. 2009;29(1):17-24. doi: 10.3343/kjlm.2009.29.1.17.##Livermore DM, Canton R, Gniadkowski M, Nordmann P, Rossolini GM, Arlet G, Ayala J, Coque TM, Kern-Zdanowicz I, Luzzaro F, Poirel L. CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(2):165-74. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkl483.##Cantón R, González-Alba JM, Galán JC. CTX-Menzymes: origin and diffusion. Front Microbiol. 2012;3:110. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00110.##Al-Otaibi FE, Bukhari EE. Clinical and laboratory profiles of urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a tertiary care center in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2013;34(2):171-6. ##Ejikeugwu PC, Ikegbunam NM, Ugwu CM, Iroha IR, Esimone CO. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from suspected community acquired urinary tract infections. Eur J Sci Res. 2012;84(2):565-71. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59772-z.##Feizabadi MM, Delfani S, Raji N, Majnooni A, Aligholi M, Shahcheraghi F, Parvin M, Yadegarinia D. Distribution of bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M) genes among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae at Labbafinejad Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Microb Drug Resist. 2010;16(1):49-53. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0096.##Hawkey PM. Prevalence and clonality of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(Suppl 1):159-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01855.x.##Perez F, Endimiani A, Hujer KM, Bonomo RA. The continuing challenge of ESBLs. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007;7(5):459-69. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.08.003.##Morrissey I, Hackel M, Badal R, Bouchillon S, Hawser S, Biedenbach D. Areview of ten years of the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART) from 2002 to 2011. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2013;6(11):1335-46. doi: 10.3390/ph6111335.##Coque TM, Baquero F, Canton R. Increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(47):19044. ##Peerayeh SN, Rostami E, Siadat SD, Derakhshan S. High rate of aminoglycoside resistance in CTX-M-15 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Tehran, Iran. Lab Med. 2014;45(3):231-7. doi: 10.1309/LMDQQW246NYAHHAD.##Ye Q, Wu Q, Zhang S, Zhang J, Yang G, Wang J, Xue L, Chen M. Characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from retail food in China. Front Microbiol. 2018;8(9):1709. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01709.##Kim S, Sung JY, Cho HH, Kwon KC, Koo SH. Characterization of CTXM-14- and CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from urine specimens in a tertiary-care hospital. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;24(6):765-70. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3436-7.## ##

The Effectiveness of Metacognitive Skills on Goal Orientation and Academic Procrastination of 9-12 Years Old Students with Specific Learning Disabilities 2 2 Introduction: Procrastination is not only observed in individuals but is one of the tendencies of the human beings influenced by culture. Academic procrastination is considered as the most common form of the condition. Among the factors affecting learning are meta-cognitive styles that include beliefs and behavioral preferences. Academic procrastination is a voluntarily postponing the completion of activities and assignments affecting aspects of personal and academic life negatively. The current inspection dealt with the effectiveness of metacognitive skills on goal orientation and academic procrastination of students within the age range of 9-12 years old with specific learning disabilities. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of 150 students within the age range of 9-12 years old with specific learning disabilities in Qom city. Through random sampling, thirty students with learning disabilities were selected as the main sample of the study. Moreover, two scaling measures along with two questionnaires as the goal orientation and academic procrastination (each having particular scales) were used in order to collect the required data. Finally, multivariate analysis of covariance was applied to analyze the collected data. Results: The findings of this quasi-experimental research revealed that metacognitive skills had a significant effect on improvement of students with disabilities in Qom (P <0.0001). Furthermore, it was found that metacognitive skills also influenced the academic procrastination and goal orientation of Qom students for the experimental group with special disabilities (P <0.0001). Conclusion: Metacognitive skills, aspect of affecting academic progress, helps the students with special learning disabilities in goal orientation and academic procrastination. They influence the students' academic progress in a positive manner through controlling thoughts, feelings, and performance. Furthermore, metacognitive skills culminate in progress motivation, verbal comprehension, language learning, perception, attention, memory, problem solving, social cognition, and more. 8 17 2020/08/142020/03/23 1399/1/4 2020/12/292020/07/5 1399/4/15 Naeimeh Esmaili Rad Naeimeh Esmaili Rad Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran Iran naeimehesmaili@gmail.com Majid Zargham Hajebi Majid Zargham Hajebi Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran Iran zarghamhajebi@gmail.com Nader Monirpour Nader Monirpour Department of Health Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran Iran monirpoor1357@gmail.com Metacognitive skills Objective orientation Academic procrastination Specific learning difficulties Gorman JC. Emotional disturbances and learning disabilities in elementary classes, Translated by Ragheb H. Tehran. Research Institute for Exceptional Children. 2005. doi:10.1177/004005999903100312.##Ganji M. Psychological damage based on DSM - 5. Tehran: Savalan Publishing House, 2013.##American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Ravan Publishing. 2013.##Elliot A, Church M. A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;72: 218-32. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218.##Poondej C, Lerdpornkulrat T. Relationship between motivational goal orientations, perceptions of general education classroom learning environment, and deep approaches to learning. Kasetsart J Soc Sci. 2016, 37 (2): 100-3. doi: 10.1016/j.kjss.2015.01.001.##Ames C. Achievement goals and the classroom motivational climate. In D. H. Schunk and J. L. Meece (Eds.), Student perceptions in the classroom. (pp. 327-348). Hillsdale, NJ England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1992.##Pintrich PR. Multiple Goals, Multiple Pathways: The Role of Goal Orientation in Learning and Achievement. J Educ Psychol. 2000;92 (3): 544-55. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544. ##Wolters CA. Understanding procrastination from self-regulated learning perspective. J Educ Psychol. 2003; 95(1), 179-87. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.179.##Hawell A, Watson D. Procrastination: Associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies. Pers Individ Differ. 2007; (43): 167-78. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017.##McGregor HA, Elliot AJ. Achievement goals as predictors of achievement- relevant process prior to task engagement. J Educ Psychol. 2002;94(2), 381-99.##Ellis A, Nile J. Psychological Procrastination (Overcoming Procrastination), (Farjad MA, Trans). Tehran: Roshd press, 2003.##Ferrari JR. Perfectionism cognitions with nonclinical and clinical samples. J Soc Behav Pers. 1995; 10(1): 143-56.##Keshavarzi S, Fathi Azar E, Mirnasab MM, Badri Gargari R. Effects of a metacognitive awareness program on high school students' decision-making styles and emotion regulation. JCP. 2017; 5 (1) :51-60. ##Bianca C, Rowden Q. The Effects of Self- Regulated Learning Strategy Instruction and Structured- Diary use on Student's Self- Regulated Learning Conduct and Academic Success in Online Community- College general Education Courses. The University of San Francisco, USF Scholarship Repository, 2013.##Zimmerman BJ. Self- regulated learning: Theories, Measures, and outcomes, city university of New York Graduate center, NY, USA, 2015.##Hassanzadeh R. Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences. Tehran: avalan Publications, 2014.##Gal M, Borg W, Gal J. Quantitative and qualitative research methods in educational sciences and psychology. Nasr Translation, Volume II, Tehran: Samat Publications, 2012.##Bernadet de J, Margo J, Gerry R. The development of metacognition in primary school learning environments, school effectiveness and school improvement. 2005;16(2): 179-96. doi: 10.1080/09243450500114181. ##Vandewalle DM. Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educ Psychol Measur. 1997;57(6): 995-1015. doi: 10.1177/0013164497057006009.##Elliott AJ, McGregor A. 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;80(3): 501-19. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501.##Solomon LJ, Rothblum ED. Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. J Counsel Psychol. 1984; 31(4): 503-9. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503.##Jokar B, Delavarpour MA. The relationship between academic procrastination and achievement goals. J Modern Educ Thought. 2007;3 (3): 61-80. doi:10.22051/JONTOE.2007.312.##Hashemi L. Investigating the relationship between perfectionism and academic procrastination through motivational, cognitive, and metacognitive self-regulation. PhD Thesis in Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, 2012.##MacKinnon DP. Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. London: Routledg.2008.##Jolani Ojagh A. Investigating the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and self-regulatory strategies with academic procrastination among students of Ardabil universities. Master's thesis, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, 2014.##Golestani Bakht T, Shokri M. Relationship between academic procrastination with meta-cognitive beliefs. Soc Cognit. 2013; 2(1): 89-100. ##Seadati Shamir PD, Taher Gholami R, Jalai PD. The Impact of Metacognitive Skills Training on the Reduction of Academic Procrastination and Test Anxiety. J Fam Res. 2017; 14(1), 89-102.##Mirzabeigi M. Beliefs and metacognitive mode in academic procrastination of high school students in Zaveh city. Master Thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Birjand University, 2015.##Yi-Ran S. The Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Future-Orientation: An investigation among a Mid-sized International School in China. Conference: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Education and Development (ICED 2018). doi:10.2991/iced-18.2018.15. ##Steel P. The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(1):65-94. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65. ##Anderson CJ. The psychology of doing nothing: forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(1):139-67. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.139. ##Armitage CJ, Conner M. Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review. Br J Soc Psychol. 2001;40(Pt 4):471-99. doi: 10.1348/014466601164939. ##Dunn G. Procrastination, stress, and coping: An investigation of the relationship between procrastination and hardiness. Unpublished honors bachelor’s thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 2000.##Ferrari JR, Patel T. Social comparisons by procrastinators: Rating peers with similar or dissimilar delay tendencies. 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Gingival Involvement in Patients with Autoimmune Mucocutaneous Diseases 2 2 Introduction: Growing evidence indicates that the incidence of autoimmune diseases has remarkably increased in recent decades. In many cases, oral manifestations are the first signs of autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of gingival involvement in patients with autoimmune mucocutaneous diseases referred to Isfahan Dental School during a thirty-year period (1989-2018). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, the data of 848 patients with autoimmune mucocutaneous diseases, referred to Pathology Department of Isfahan Dental School from 1989 to 2018, were reviewed. The obtained data were fed into SPSS-22 software and analyzed by central and dispersion indices and one-way ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The most common autoimmune mucocutaneous disease was lichen planus (n =556) and the least common was erythema multiforme (n =10). The highest gingival involvement was related to pemphigoid disease (40.8%) and the least gingival involvement was seen in erythema multiforme (10%). Conclusion: Considering the high frequency of gingival involvement in autoimmune diseases and the significance of its diagnosis, dentists can play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and early treatment of patients with autoimmune mucocutaneous disease. 18 23 2020/08/142020/03/232020/10/7 1399/7/16 2020/12/292020/07/52020/12/29 1399/10/9 Parviz Deyhimi Parviz Deyhimi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran parviz.deyhimi@gmail.com Laleh Maleki Laleh Maleki Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran l.maleki@dnt.mui.ac.ir Adel Tayefi NasrAbadi Adel Tayefi NasrAbadi Dental Students Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Iran tayefi.adel@yahoo.com Autoimmune disease Gingiva Gingivitis Oral lichen planus Arisawa EA, Almeida JD, Carvalho YR, Cabral LA. Clinicopathological analysis of oral mucous autoimmune disease: A 27-year study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008;13(2):E94-7.##Carvalho CH, Santos BR, Vieira Cde C, Lima Ed, Santos PP, Freitas Rde A. An epidemiological study of immune-mediated skin diseases affecting the oral cavity. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(5):905-9. English, Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000500007. ##Gonçalves LM, Bezerra Júnior JR, Cruz MC. Clinical evaluation of oral lesions associated with dermatologic diseases. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85(2):150-6. doi: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000200004. ##Jaafari-Ashkavandi Z, Mardani M, Pardis S, Amanpour S. Oral mucocutaneous diseases: clinicopathologic analysis and malignant transformation. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(3):949-51. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e31820fe1f0. ##Leao JC, Ingafou M, Khan A, Scully C, Porter S. Desquamative gingivitis: retrospective analysis of disease associations of a large cohort. Oral Dis. 2008;14(6):556-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01420.x. ##Saccucci M, Di Carlo G, Bossù M, Giovarruscio F, Salucci A, Polimeni A. Autoimmune Diseases and Their Manifestations on Oral Cavity: Diagnosis and Clinical Management. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:6061825. doi: 10.1155/2018/6061825. ##Rameshkumar A, Varghese AK, Dineshkumar T, Ahmed S, Venkatramani J, Sugirtharaj G. Oral mucocutaneous lesions - a comparative clinicopathological and immunofluorescence study. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(3):59-63. ##Sangeetha S, Victor J. The molecular aspects of oral mucocutaneous diseases: A review. Int J Genet Mol Biol. 2011;3(10):141-8.##Baglama Š, Trčko K, Rebol J, Miljković J. Oral manifestations of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2018;27(1):9-16. ##Lo Russo L, Fierro G, Guiglia R, Compilato D, Testa NF, Lo Muzio L, Campisi G. Epidemiology of desquamative gingivitis: evaluation of 125 patients and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(10):1049-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04142.x. ##Mustafa MB, Porter SR, Smoller BR, Sitaru C. Oral mucosal manifestations of autoimmune skin diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2015;14(10):930-51.##Mays JW, Sarmadi M, Moutsopoulos NM. Oral manifestations of systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: diagnosis and clinical management. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2012;12(3 Suppl):265-82. doi: 10.1016/S1532-3382(12)70051-9. ##Bascones-Martínez A, García-García V, Meurman JH, Requena-Caballero L. Immune-mediated diseases: what can be found in the oral cavity? Int J Dermatol. 2015;54(3):258-70. doi: 10.1111/ijd.12681. ##Bagan J, Jiménez Y, Murillo J, Bagan L. Oral mucous membrane pemphigoid: A clinical study of 100 low-risk cases. Oral Dis. 2018;24(1-2):132-134. doi: 10.1111/odi.12744. ##Lo Russo L, Fedele S, Guiglia R, Ciavarella D, Lo Muzio L, Gallo P, Di Liberto C, Campisi G. Diagnostic pathways and clinical significance of desquamative gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2008;79(1):4-24. doi: 10.1902/jop.2008.070231. ##Yih WY, Maier T, Kratochvil FJ, Zieper MB. Analysis of desquamative gingivitis using direct immunofluorescence in conjunction with histology. J Periodontol. 1998;69(6):678-85. doi: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.6.678. ##Suresh L, Neiders ME. Definitive and differential diagnosis of desquamative gingivitis through direct immunofluorescence studies. J Periodontol. 2012;83(10):1270-8. doi: 10.1902/jop.2012.110627.## ##

Predicting Suicidal Thoughts Using Depression, Anxiety and Premenstrual Syndrome Patterns in Female Students of Ilam Universities 2 2 Introduction: Suicide is one of the major mental health problems. One of the most important ways to prevent suicide is to identify people with suicidal thoughts and also to identify the factors that can affect suicidal thoughts. The aim of this study was to predict suicidal thoughts in female students of Ilam universities. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 331 female students of Ilam universities in May to August 2020 participated by cluster sampling using an online questionnaire. Suicidal thoughts was measured using Beck Suicide Scale Thoughts, Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) was measured using 19 indicators of Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) and depression and anxiety using DASS42 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. Linear and logistic regression models were used to predict suicidal thoughts. Results: Suicidal thoughts had a significant relationship with depression, anxiety, and premenstrual symptoms (P<0.01). The results of univariate logistic showed that the prevalence of suicidal thoughts in people with extremely severe and severe depression was 33 and 13 times higher than those without depression and in people with extremely severe and severe anxiety was 9 and 4 times higher than in people without anxiety (P<0.001). Suicidal thoughts were 3 times more common in people with severe PMS symptoms than in those with mild symptoms (P=0.002). Conclusion: The results showed that anxiety, depression, and PMS have a direct and significant relationship with suicidal thoughts in female students of Ilam Universities. Therefore, by providing mental health services and screening for mental disorders and premenstrual symptoms, an effective step can be taken to prevent suicide among students. 24 31 2020/08/142020/03/232020/10/72020/12/7 1399/9/17 2020/12/292020/07/52020/12/292021/04/29 1400/2/9 Mandana Sarokhani Mandana Sarokhani Department of Psychology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran Iran Sarokhani_m@yahoo.com Kourosh Sayehmiri Kourosh Sayehmiri Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran sayehmiri@razi.tums.ac.ir Vahid Ahmadi Vahid Ahmadi Department of Psychology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran Iran m_deldar@yahoo.com Shahram Mami Shahram Mami Department of Psychology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran Iran Shahram.mami@yahoo.com Suicidal thoughts Depression Anxiety Symptoms of PMS Organization WH. Multisite intervention on suicidal behaviours: Superemiss: Protocol of Superemiss. Geneva: WHO. 2010.##Grzywa A, Kucmin A, Kucmin T. Suicide Problems Epidemiology, Factors, Motives and Prevention. Part I. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2009;27:432-6.##Murad M. Suicide prevention and developing countries. J R Soc Med. 2005; 98(10): 459-63. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.98.10.459.##Bakhtar M, Rezaeian M. The Prevalence of Suicide Thoughts and Attempted Suicide Plus Their Risk Factors Among Iranian Students: A Systematic Review Study. J Rafsanjan Uni Med Sci. 2017;15(11):1061-76.##Azizpour Y, Asadollahi K, Sayehmiri K, Kaikhavani S, Abangah G. Epidemiological survey of intentional poisoning suicide during 1993-2013 in Ilam Province, Iran. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:902. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3585-9.##Janghorbani M, Bakhshi S. The prevalence of suicide ideation and factors associated among students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,2013-2014. Shahrekord Uni Med Sci J. 2016;17(5):1-12.##Overholser JC, Braden A, Dieter L. Understanding suicide risk: identification of high-risk groups during high-risk times. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(3):349-61. doi:10.1002/jclp.20859.##Subica AM, Allen JG, Frueh BC, Elhai JD, Fowler JC. Disentangling depression and anxiety in relation to neuroticism, extraversion, suicide, and self‐harm among adult psychiatric inpatients with serious mental illness. British J Clin Psychol. 2016;55(4):349-70. doi:10.1111/bjc.12098.##Baca‐García E, González A, Diaz‐Coralero P, García I, De Leon J. Menstrual cycle and profiles of suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;97(1):32-5.##Talebi M, Afshari R, Talebi Deloee R, Arqami E, Tavasoli S. The Relationship between Suicide Attempts and Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle in Women. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2012;15(16):1-6.##Baca-Garcia E, Diaz-Sastre C, Ceverino A, Garcia Resa E, Oquendo MA, Saiz-Ruiz J, et al. Premenstrual symptoms and luteal suicide attempts. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;254(5):326-9.##Baca-García E, Díaz-Sastre C, de Leon J, Saiz-Ruiz J. The relationship between menstrual cycle phases and suicide attempts. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(1):50-60. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200001000-00008. ##Shams-Alizadeh N, Maroufi A, Rashidi M, Roshani D, Farhadifar F, Khazaie H. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and suicide attempts as a correlation among women in reproductive age. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;31:63-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.01.003. ##Afzali S, Taheri S, Jamilian M, Eslambolchi P. The Relationship between Menstrual Cycle Phases and Suicide Attempts in Suicidal Women Admitted to the Poisoning Ward of Farshchian Hospital, Hamedan, Iran. Iran J Toxicol. 2012;5(15):531-4.##Roy A, Draper R. Suicide among psychiatric hospital in-patients. Psychol Med. 1995;25(1):199-202. doi: doi:10.1017/S0033291700028233.##Ahmadi a, Haji ahmadi M. Seccessful Suicide Epidemiological Report at Mazandaran in the Years 70-71. Mazandaran Uni Med Sci. 28(10):8-12.##Angst J, Angst F, Stassen H. Suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatr. 1999;60(Suppl 2):57-62.##Pourhossein R, Farhoudi F, Amiri M. The relationship between suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, resilience, daily stress and mental health in Tehran University students. Clin Psychol Studies. 2014;14(4):21-40.## ##

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Combined with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Inflammatory Biomarkers Levels of The Brain in A Model of Osteoarthritic Rat 2 2 Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that has many public health problems. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) are considered as the main factors regulating inflammation and pathology of knee osteoarthritis. This study was done to investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and aerobic training on inflammatory biomarkers (IL-10 and TNF- α) in the brain tissue of osteoarthritic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8 in each group) as follows: 1. Naive (healthy control), 2. Osteoarthritis (Ost), 3. Osteoarthritis + saline (Sal), 4. Osteoarthritis + mesenchymal cells (Mes), 5. Osteoarthritis + training (Tra), and 6. Osteoarthritis + training + mesenchymal cells (Tra + Mes). An essential aerobic exercise program was performed for eight weeks as follows: Speed: 15-22 meters per minute; Slope: 0o for 25-64 minutes. Inflammatory biomarkers, including TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines, in the brain tissue of rats, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The combination of training and treatment with MSCs in the brain of osteoarthritic rats significantly increased the level of IL-10 in comparison with the use of MSCs or aerobic exercise alone. Moreover, the combined use of exercise and MSCs caused a significant decrease in TNF-α concentration. Conclusion: It seems that the combined use of MSCs and eight weeks of aerobic exercise improves the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers in the brain of a rat model of osteoarthritis. 32 39 2020/08/142020/03/232020/10/72020/12/72020/05/20 1399/2/31 2020/12/292020/07/52020/12/292021/04/292020/07/16 1399/4/26 Mohamad Fatahi Mohamad Fatahi Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran mohamadfatahi02@gmail.com Naser Behpoor Naser Behpoor Department of Exercise Physiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran n_behpoor@yahoo.com Sedighe Hosseinpourdelavar Sedighe Hosseinpourdelavar Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran delavar2009@yahoo.com Parvin Farzaneghi Parvin Farzaneghi Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran Iran parvin.farzanegi@gmail.com Exercise Osteoarthritis Inflammation Stem cells Jones IA, Togashi R, Wilson ML, Heckmann N, Vangsness CT. Intra-articular treatment options for knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(2):77-90. doi: 10.1038/s41584-018-0123-4.##Emery CA, Whittaker JL, Mahmoudian A, Lohmander LS, Roos EM, Bennell KL, et al. Establishing outcome measures in early knee osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(7):438-48. doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0237-3.##Han J, Neufer D, Pilegaard H. Exercise physiology: future opportunities and challenges. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 471, 381 (2019). doi: 10.1007/s00424-019-02263-6.##Khan MR, Smith RK, David F, Lam R, Hughes G, De Godoy R, et al. Evaluation of the Effects of Synovial Multipotent Cells on Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Repair in a Large Animal Model of Intra‐Synovial Tendinopathy. J Orthop Res ®. 2020;38(1):128-38. doi: 10.1002/jor.24423.##Souza-Moreira L, Soares VC, Dias SdSG, Bozza PT. Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Modulate Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Droplet Biogenesis via AKT/mTOR–PPARγ Signalling in Macrophages. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1): 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56835-8.##Bourzac C, Bensidhoum M, Pallu S, Portier H. Use of adult mesenchymal stromal cells in tissue repair: impact of physical exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2019;317(4):C642-C54. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00530.2018.##Hu X, Garcia M, Weng L, Jung X, Murakami JL, Kumar B, et al. Identification of a common mesenchymal stromal progenitor for the adult haematopoietic niche. Nat Commun.2016;7(1):1-14. doi:10.1038/ncomms13095.##Fallahzadeh AR, Zarei M, Mohammadi S. Preliminary phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of eryngium pyramidale Boiss. & Husson Essential Oil in Male Rat. Entomology and Applied Science Letters. 2016;3(5):140-7. doi:10.1248/bpb.b12-00905.##Asgari Nematian M, Yaghmaei P, Mohammadi S. Assessment of the antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil in mice. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2017; 22:74-84. doi: 10.22102/22.3.74.##Galland S, Stamenkovic I. Mesenchymal stromal cells in cancer: a review of their immunomodulatory functions and dual effects on tumor progression. J Pathol. 2020;250(5):555-72. doi:10.1002/path.5357.##Hausmann JS. Targeting cytokines to treat autoinflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol. 2019; 206:23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.016.##El-Kader SMA, Al-Jiffri OH. Aerobic exercise modulates cytokine profile and sleep quality in elderly. A h s. 2019;19(2):2198-207. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v19i2.45.##Padoan A, Plebani M, Basso D. Inflammation and pancreatic cancer: focus on metabolism, cytokines, and immunity. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):676. doi:10.3390/ijms20030676.##Donath MY. Designer cytokine for the treatment of diabetes. Nat Metab. 2019:1-2. doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0130-z.##Newman RE, Yoo D, LeRoux MA, Danilkovitch-Miagkova A. Treatment of inflammatory diseases with mesenchymal stem cells. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation & Allergy). 2009;8(2):110-23. doi:.2174/187152809788462635.##You T, Arsenis NC, Disanzo BL, LaMonte MJ. Effects of exercise training on chronic inflammation in obesity. Sports Med. 2013;43(4):243-56. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0023-3.##Mohammadi S, Oryan S, Komaki A, Eidi A, Zarei M. Effects of hippocampal microinjection of irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, on spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory in male rats. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2020;26(1):357-67. doi:10.1007/s10989-019-09842-2.##Di K, Sui L, Yan X. Effects of tetramethylpyrazine combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on recovery of neural function in rats with spinal cord injury. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2018;11(12):13605-12. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205779. ##Zhao Y, Liu B, Liu C-j. Establishment of a surgically-induced model in mice to investigate the protective role of progranulin in osteoarthritis. JoVE (J Visualized Exp). 2014 (84):e50924. doi: 10.3791/50924.##Hornberger Jr TA, Farrar RP. Physiological hypertrophy of the FHL muscle following 8 weeks of progressive resistance exercise in the rat. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004;29(1):16-31. doi: 10.1139/h04-002.##Mohammadi S, Oryan S, Komaki A, Eidi A, Zarei M. Effects of intra-dentate gyrus microinjection of myokine irisin on long-term potentiation in male rats. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2019;77(12):881-7. doi: 10.1590/0004-282x20190184. ##Hollon TC, Pandian B, Adapa AR, Urias E, Save AV, Khalsa SSS, et al. Near real-time intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis using stimulated Raman histology and deep neural networks. Nat Med. 2020:1-7. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0715-9.##Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, Morgan TM, Rejeski WJ, Sevick MA, et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1501-10. doi: 10.1002/art.20256##Sandal LF, Roos EM, Bøgesvang SJ, Thorlund JB. Pain trajectory and exercise-induced pain flares during 8 weeks of neuromuscular exercise in individuals with knee and hip pain. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2016;24(4):589-92. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.002.##Lee E-N, Yoo Y-W. Effects of an 8-week Tai Chi exercise program on the risk factors for falls in the elderly with osteoarthritis. J Health Sci. 2004;11(1):61-73. doi: 10.4103/1319-6308.112207.##Phillips MD, Flynn MG, McFarlin BK, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL. Resistance training at eight-repetition maximum reduces the inflammatory milieu in elderly women. Medicine & Science in Sci Sports. 2010;42(2):314-25. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b11ab7.##Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen BK. Effects of exercise on the immune system in the elderly population. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000;78(5):523-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-14-.x.##Northoff H, Symons S, Zieker D, Schaible EV, Schäfer K, Thoma S, et al. Gender-and menstrual phase dependent regulation of inflammatory gene expression in response to aerobic exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2008;14(86-103):134. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.##Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, Fernando F, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutrition, Drug Metab Dis. 2010;20(8):608-17. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.015.##Lira FS, Koyama CH, Yamashita AS, Rosa JC, Zanchi NE, Batista Jr ML, et al. Chronic exercise decreases cytokine production in healthy rat skeletal muscle. Cell Biochem Funct: Cellular biochemistry and its modulation by active agents or disease. 2009;27(7):458-61. doi: org/10.1002/cbf.1594.##Gehart H, Clevers H. Stem Cell‐Derived Liver Cells: From Model System to Therapy. The Liver: Extra cell Matrix. 2020:1015-1021. doi: 10.1002/9781119436812.ch77.##Drommelschmidt K, Serdar M, Bendix I, Herz J, Bertling F, Prager S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate inflammation-induced preterm brain injury. Brain, Behav Immun. 2017;60:220-32. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.011.## ##

Investigating the Impacts of Employees’ Psychological Empowerment on Factors Affecting Organizational Change Among the Medical Sciences Universities of Khorsan Razavi Province 2 2 Introduction: Nowadays, business markets are dynamic and unpredictable and they require organizations that repeatedly implement and follow change. So, the present study aims to investigate the effect of employees’ psychological empowerment on factors affecting the organizational change of Khorasan Razavi University of Medical Sciences and to present an appropriate model. Materials and Methods: This research was a correlation research and had a survey-exploratory method. The statistical population of the study were all managers and employees (formal, temporary to permanent and contractual) of the staff of Khorasan Razavi University of Medical Sciences in 2009 from which 291 people were selected as a sample by the availability sampling method. The tool was a questionnaire that the researcher has designed and compiled based on the experts' ideas and its validity and reliability have been confirmed. Data analysis was also performed by Bartlett’s test of sphericity and correlation matrix and factor analysis. Results: Findings show that psychological empowerment and each of its components such as competence, autonomy, effectiveness and meaningfulness of the job, has a positive and significant effect on the factors affecting organizational change. Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be concluded that before any action in organizational change, managers and policy makers should consider the capabilities of familiarity and employees' psychological with the category of change; Because implementers of these changes will be employees in the organization and if they show psychological resistance to change, the change program leads to failure or would be difficult to implement. 40 48 2020/08/142020/03/232020/10/72020/12/72020/05/202020/08/29 1399/6/8 2020/12/292020/07/52020/12/292021/04/292020/07/162020/10/6 1399/7/15 Neda Sadat Sanei Neda Sadat Sanei Department of Management, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Iran neda.sanei67@yahoo.com Abolfazl Danaei Abolfazl Danaei Department of Management, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Iran a.danaei@semnaniau.ac.ir Hadi Hematian Hadi Hematian Department of Public Administration, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Iran hematian_hadi@yahoo.com Psychological empowerment Organizational change University of Medical Sciences Structural equation Jiang Z, Hu X, Wang Z. Career adaptability and plateaus: The moderating effects of tenure and job self-efficacy. J Vocat Behav. 2017; 104: 59-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.10.006.##Khakpour M, Haji Anzahaie Z, Ashraf Ganjoui F. Influence Authentic Leadership on Readiness for Organizational Change with Mediating Role of Psychological Capital. J Sch Adm. 2019; 7 (3): 125-141. doi:10.34785/J010.1398.221.##Issa Khani A, Ghaffari Ajirabad M. Explaining the effect of organizational change characteristics on employees' emotional commitment to change. J Trans Manage. 2017; 8(15): 131-151. doi: 10.22067/pmt. v8i15.52383.##Rojist A. Technology Management in Organizational and Societal Contexts. Published in the United States of America by IGI Global. 2018. P.1-363.##Visagie CM. The relationship between employee attitudes towards planned organizational change and organizational commitment: an investigation of a selected case within the South African telecommunications industry (Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology). 2010.##Mirsafian HR, Rasekh N. Developing the model of the effect of psychological empowerment of employees on crisis management according to the role of change management in sports and youth departments of Isfahan province. Hum resource Manage in sport J. 2019; 6 (1): 51-67. doi:10.22044/SHM.2019.6668.1687.##Dorling JL. Impact of psychological capital on the resistance to change during post-merger integration: A theoretical model. J Organ Change Manage. 2017; 30 (6): 936-956. doi: 10.1108/JOCM-11-2015-0199.##Lamm E, Gordon JR. Empowerment, Predisposition to Resist Change, and Support for Organizational Change. J Leadership Organ Stud. 2010; 17: 426-437. doi: 10.1177/1548051809355595.##Rafferty AE, Jimmieson NL, Armenakis AA. Change Readiness: A Multilevel Review. J Manage. 2013; 39(1): 110-135. doi: 10.1177/0149206312457417.##Sepahvand R, Farhikhteh F. The effect of employees' personality traits on resistance to organizational change with the mediating role of psychological contract. NAJA Hum Resources. 2019; 13 (55): 105-124. ##Sani M, Haji Anzahi Z, Ashraf Ganjavi F. The effect of psychological empowerment and psychological capital on individual preparedness to change the staff of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Contemporary stud on Sports Manage. 2018; 8 (16): 41-54. doi:10.22084/SMMS.2019.17174.2248.##Mufidah M, Mangundjaya WL. The Impact of Psychological Capital and Psychological Empowerment on Employee’s Affective Commitment to Change. Glob J Bus and Soc Sci Rev. 2018; 6 (1): 9-14.##Bagus EP, Eliyana A, Istyarini W. The relationship between self-efficacy and readiness for change: The mediator roles of employee empowerment. Mediterranean J Soc Sci. 2016; 7 (3): 201-206. doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n3s1p201.##Hornstein HA. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity. Inter J Project Manage. 2015; 33(2):291-298. doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.005.##Nassar M.A. Psychological empowerment and organizational change among hotel employees in Egypt. Res Hospitality Manage. 2018; 7 (2): 91-98. doi: 10.1080/22243534.2017.1444716.##Keyhan J, Kazemzadehbeytali M. The effect of teacher autonomy support and causality orientations of autonomy on educational alienation of second grade high school students with mediating role basic psychological needs. Knowl and res appl psychol. 2018; 19(3): 90-100. doi:10.30486/JSRP.2018.544564.##Yazdani H, Jalali N, Moazeni B. An Organizational Change Readiness Model to Implement Business Processes. Q J BI Manage stud. 2018; 7(25): 85-118. doi:10.22054/IMS.2018.9741.##Men L.R, Yue C.A, Liu Y. Vision, passion, and care: The impact of charismatic executive leadership communication on employee trust and support for organizational change. Public Relations Rev. 2020; 46(3): 1-49. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101927.## ##

Examining the correlation of Apgar with cognitive development and symptoms of behavioral disorders among children and adolescents aged 5, 8, and 12 years old 2 2 Introduction: Prenatal events such as premature birth, low birth weight, and low Apgar score can affect life after birth. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between birth Apgar score and cognitive development and symptoms of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: In the present study 300 children aged 5-12 years old entered the study. Neonatal Apgar score and other information related to the neonatal at birth were extracted from delivery records. Cognitive development was evaluated by the Raven's Coloured Progressive. Symptoms of behavioral disorders were assessed by the Rutter Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire for parents and the validity of 97% and reliability of 92% were achieved. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The correlation between Apgar score and cognitive development was equal to 0.351 which was significant at P < 0.001. there was a significant relationship between Apgar score and cognitive development. Also, the correlation between Apgar score and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial behavior, maladaptation, anxiety, and aggression was 0.368, 0.265, 0.419, 0.434, and 0.553, respectively. All of them were significant at P < 0.001, i.e., there was a significant inverse relationship between Apgar and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, antisocial behavior, maladaptation, anxiety, as well as aggression. Conclusion: Factors that reduce the Apgar score at birth can affect cognitive development and behavior in childhood and adolescence and cause many problems. On the other hand, more hospitalization of these infants in their intensive care unit can lead to disruption in child development. 49 54 2020/08/142020/03/232020/10/72020/12/72020/05/202020/08/292021/01/7 1399/10/18 2020/12/292020/07/52020/12/292021/04/292020/07/162020/10/62021/06/12 1400/3/22 Marzieh Bagheri Marzieh Bagheri Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran Saraba2016@yahoo.com Hojjatallah Javidi Hojjatallah Javidi Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran Javid 952@hotmail.com Seyed Ebrahim Hossini Seyed Ebrahim Hossini Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran Naderh Sohrabi Naderh Sohrabi Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran Apgar score Cognitive development Symptoms of behavioral disorders Children and adolescents National Research Council (US); Institute of Medicine (US). Children’s Health, The Nation’s Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. ##Clark H, Coll-Seck AM, Banerjee A, Peterson S, Dalglish SL. A future for the world's children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020; 395(10224):605-58. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32540-1.##Ganga E, Chinyoka K. Exploring psychological disorders caused by poverty amongst orphans and vulnerable children living within child-headed households. JSDA. 2010; 12(4):186-98. ##Niklas F, Tayler C, Gilley T. Vulnerable children in Australia: multiple risk factor analyses to predict cognitive abilities and problem behaviour. Aust J Educ. 2017;61(2):105-23.##Drange N, Havnes T. Early childcare and cognitive development: Evidence from an assignment lottery. J Labor Econ. 2019;37(2):581-620.##Mollon J, David AS, Zammit S, Lewis G, Reichenberg A. Course of cognitive development from infancy to early adulthood in the psychosis spectrum. JAMA Psychiatr. 2018;75(3):270-9. ##Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Curr Res Anesth Analg. 1953; 32(4):260-7.##American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Obstetrics Practice. The Apgar scores. Adv Neonatal Care. 2006; 6(4):220-3.##Gustafsson, P, Källén, K. Perinatal, maternal, and fetal characteristics of children diagnosed with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: results from a population-based study utilizing the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011; 53(3):263-8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03820. x.##Li, J, Olsen, J, Vestergaard, M. Low Apgar scores and risk of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2011; 158(5):775-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.10.041.##Gholamreza R. [Standardizing Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices Test in students in city of Ahwaz]. Contemp Psychol. 2008. (1) 3: 32-23. (Article in Persian)##Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Grijota M, Nielsen GL, Rothman KJ, Sørensen HT. Association of Apgar score at five minutes with long-term neurologic disability and cognitive function in a prevalence study of Danish conscripts. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009; 9(1):1-7.##Morad Ali Z, Eslamloo F, Ghelichi M. [Investigating children's developmental growth in the first year based on ASQ questionnaire]. J Pediatr Nurs. 2017. (2) 4: 32-25. (Article in Persian)##Eriksen HL, Kesmodel US, Underbjerg M, Kilburn TR, Bertrand J, Mortensen EL. Predictors of intelligence at the age of 5: family, pregnancy and birth characteristics, postnatal influences, and postnatal growth. PLoS One. 2013;8(11): e79200. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079200. ##Forns J, Julvez J, García-Esteban R, Guxens M, Ferrer M, Grellier J, Vrijheid M, Sunyer J. Maternal intelligence-mental health and child neuropsychological development at age 14 months. Gac Sanit. 2012;26(5):397-404. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.10.011.##Martinez C, Carneiro L, Vernier L, Cesa C, Guardiola A, Vidor D. Language in children with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014; 18(3):255-9. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1366976.##Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL. Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(2):344-55. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1036.##Grizenko N, Eberle ML, Fortier ME, Côté-Corriveau G, Jolicoeur C, Joober R. Apgar scores are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom severity. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(5):283-90. doi: 10.1177/0706743716635544.## ##

Effects of Beclomethasone and Adcortyl in the treatment of Erosive Oral Lichen planus lesions: A Comparative Study 2 2 Introduction: Lichen planus (LP) is a common chronic immune-mediated mucocutaneous disease, the exact cause of which is unknown. One of the common treatments for erosive lichen planus (ELP) is the use of topical corticosteroids of adcortyl ointment (triamcinolone in orabase). On the other hand, beclomethasone spray as a topical corticosteroid is easy to use in the mouth. The purpose of this comparative study was to investigate the effects of beclomethasone and adcortyl in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus lesions (EOLP). Materials and Methods: The present single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients with EOLP lesions with a mean age of 40.55 years at Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Beclomethasone and adcortyl were co-administered on lesions in both sides of the mucosa of the cheek, gums or margin of tongue for 3 to 6 weeks, after which the dose was adjusted. Visual analogue scale was used to evaluate the effect of drugs. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, Wilcoxon and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests (α = 0.05). Results: The results of this study showed that there was no difference between applying beclomethasone and adcortyl in terms of reducing the extent and severity of EOLP lesions, and adcortyl was more effective than beclomethasone in relieving pain symptoms (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The therapeutic effects of the adcortyl and beclomethasone were similar in controlling the EOLP lesions. Adcortyl was more effective than beclomethasone in relieving pain and irritation symptoms. 55 62 2020/08/142020/03/232020/10/72020/12/72020/05/202020/08/292021/01/72020/04/21 1399/2/2 2020/12/292020/07/52020/12/292021/04/292020/07/162020/10/62021/06/122020/07/11 1399/4/21 Shahla Afshar Shahla Afshar 1. Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Specialist, Tehran, Iran Iran Seyed-Arash Afrasiabi Seyed-Arash Afrasiabi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwas, Iran Iran Maryam-Sadat Sadrzadeh-Afshar Maryam-Sadat Sadrzadeh-Afshar Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwas, Iran Iran Sara Rajaei-Behbahani Sara Rajaei-Behbahani Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwas, Iran Iran Leila Rajaei-Behbahani Leila Rajaei-Behbahani Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwas, Iran Iran Oral lichen planus Erosive Topical corticosteroid Beclometasone Adcortyl Azizi A, Lavaf S, Amani B. 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