2023 10 1 0 74

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of D-limonene Compared with Dexamethasone and Ibuprofen in Bovine Synoviocyte 2 2 Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a public health concern that leads to disability due to chronic pain, stiffness, sleep disturbance, and depression. D-limonene    is a racemic mixture of limonene, a natural cyclic monoterpene, and the major component of the oil extracted from the citrus rind with chemo-preventive and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of D-limonene   compared with dexamethasone and ibuprofen in bovine fibroblast-like synoviocyte cells (BFLSc) as well as Human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage-like cells. Materials and Methods: BFLSc was isolated from the synovial membrane of the metacarpal joint cartilage of an 8-month-old Holstein. THP-1 cells were prepared by the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Cells were cultivated and exposed to 20 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation without, or in the presence of, ibuprofen, dexamethasone, or D-limonene (7.5µg/ml). The gene expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated by real-time PCR. Concentrations of Nitric Oxide (NO), and Prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) were measured by ELISA methods. Results: The inhibitory effects of D-limonene   included dose-dependent decreases in the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins (P < 0.05). The treated cells secreted increased amounts of COX-2, IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2 in response to LPS stimulation in all conditions. D-limonene quenched the gene expression of COX-2, iL-1β, iNOS, and TNF-α, in BFLSc, and the production of PGE2 and NO in monocyte/macrophage cells alike dexamethasone, and ibuprofen. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study show that D-limonene   probably exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS and NO, PGE2 production.   1 14 2021/07/22 1400/4/31 2022/09/3 1401/6/12 Maghsoudi Hossein Maghsoudi Hossein Department of Biotechnology, Payame Nour University, Tehran Iran Iran hosseinm2002@gmail.com Enayatollah Yazadanpanah Enayatollah Yazadanpanah Department of Biology, Payame Nour University, Tehran, Iran Iran D-limonene Osteoarthritis Proinflammatory cytokine THP-1 Bovine fibroblast-like synoviocytes cells Zamri NA, Harith S, Yusoff NA, Hassan NM, Ong YQ. Prevalence, risk factors and primary prevention of osteoarthritis in Asia: a scoping review. Elder Health J. 2019. doi:10.18502/ehj. v5i1.1196. ##Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Smith E, Hill C, Bettampadi D, Mansournia MA, et al. Global, regional and national burden of osteoarthritis 1990-2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(6):819-28. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216515.##Mobasheri A, Batt M. An update on the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis Med. 2016;59(5-6):333-339. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.004 ##Sacitharan PK. Ageing and osteoarthritis. Biochemistry and cell biology of ageing: part II clinical science. 2019:123-59. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_6.##Okikiade A, Osharode A, Oyewole A, Ogunesan D, Oladejo D, Oshobu I, Browne K. Understanding the Role of Inflammation in Secondary Osteoarthritis. 2022. Asian J Med Health. doi: 10.9734/ajmah/2022/v20i1030506.##Li J, Yin S, Li R, Ge B, Su K, Song X, et al. Baduanjin exercise for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2020 Oct 30;99(44). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022963. ##Paterson KL, Gates L. Clinical assessment and management of foot and ankle osteoarthritis: a review of current evidence and focus on pharmacological treatment. Drugs Aging. 2019;36(3):203-11. doi: 10.2174/1573397113666170829155149.##Yang R, Yu Y. Glucocorticoids are double-edged sword in the treatment of COVID-19 and cancers. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(6):1530. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.58695.##Lim SY, Bolster MB. Corticosteroids. InNeurorheumatology 2019 (pp. 261-267). Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-16928-2_28.##Fuggle NR, Cooper C, Oreffo RO, Price AJ, Kaux JF, Maheu E, et al. Alternative and complementary therapies in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(4):547-60. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01515-1.##Ćavar Zeljković S, Šišková J, Komzáková K, De Diego N, Kaffková K, Tarkowski P. Phenolic compounds and biological activity of selected Mentha species. Plants. 2021 15;10(3):550. doi:10.3390/plants10030550.##Khan UM, Sameen A, Aadil RM, Shahid M, Sezen S, Zarrabi A, et al. Citrus genus and its waste utilization: a review on health-promoting activities and industrial application. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021; 2021:1-7. doi:10.1155/2021/2488804.##Yang F, Zhang H, Tian G, Ren W, Li J, Xiao H, et al. Effects of Molecular Distillation on the Chemical Components, Cleaning, and Antibacterial Abilities of Four Different Citrus Oils. Front Nutr. 2021; 8:731724. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.731724. ##Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Vanitha MK. D‐limonene: A multifunctional compound with potent therapeutic effects. J Food Bioch. 2021;45(1): e13566. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13566.##PubChem [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2004-. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 22311, Limonene; [cited 2021 July 8]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Limonene.##Jugreet BS, Suroowan S, Rengasamy RK, Mahomoodally MF. Chemistry, bioactivities, mode of action and industrial applications of essential oils. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2020; 101:89-105. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.025. ##Yoon WJ, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Limonene suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Oleo Sci. 2010;59(8):415-21. doi: 10.5650/jos.59.415. ##Yu L, Yan J, Sun Z. D-limonene exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in an ulcerative colitis rat model via regulation of iNOS, COX-2, PGE2 and ERK signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(4):2339-2346. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6241. ##Andrade JC, Monteiro ÁB, Andrade HH, Gonzaga TK, Silva PR, Alves DN, et al. Involvement of GABAA Receptors in the Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Hydroxycitronellal. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021. doi: 10.1155/2021/9929805 ##Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Vanitha MK. D‐limonene: A multifunctional compound with potent therapeutic effects. J Food Bioch. 2021Jan;45(1): e13566. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13566. ##Luo W, Du Z, Zheng Y, Liang X, Huang G, Zhang Q, et al. Phytochemical composition and bioactivities of essential oils from six Lamiaceae species. Ind Crops Prod. 2019; 133:357-64. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.03.025.##Maghsoudi H, Hallajzadeh J, Rezaeipour M. Evaluation of the effect of polyphenol of escin compared with ibuprofen and dexamethasone in synoviocyte model for osteoarthritis: an in vitro study. Clin Rheumatol.2018; 1-8. doi:10.1007/s10067-018-4097-z.##Piccinini F, Tesei A, Arienti C, Bevilacqua A. Cell Counting and Viability Assessment of 2D and 3D Cell Cultures: Expected Reliability of the Trypan Blue Assay. Biol Proced Online. 2017; 19:8. doi: 10.1186/s12575-017-0056-3. ##Jeong YH, Oh YC, Cho WK, Shin H, Lee KY, Ma JY. Anti-inflammatory effects of Viola yedoensis and the application of cell extraction methods for investigating bioactive constituents in macrophages. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16:180. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1142-9. ##Padumadasa C, Dharmadana D, Abeysekera A, Thammitiyagodage M. In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of ethyl acetate soluble proanthocyanidins of the inflorescence of Cocos nucifera L. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 Sep 5;16(1):345. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1335-2. ##Stone WL, Yang H, Qui M. Assays for nitric oxide expression. Methods Mol Biol. 2006; 315:245-56. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-967-2:245. ##Latorre Uriza C, Velosa-Porras J, Roa NS, Quiñones Lara SM, Silva J, Ruiz AJ, Escobar Arregoces FM. Periodontal Disease, Inflammatory Cytokines, and PGE2 in Pregnant Patients at Risk of Preterm Delivery: A Pilot Study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2018; 2018:7027683. doi: 10.1155/2018/7027683. ##Maghsoudi H, Haj-allahyari S. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Nigella sativa L on Bovine Fibroblastlike synoviocyte and THP-1. Int J Contemp Res Rev. 2018; 9 (2): 1-91.doi: 10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/02/428.##Yoon WJ, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Limonene suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Oleo Sci. 2010;59(8):415-21. doi: 10.5650/jos.59.415. ##Fang Y, Wu D, Birukov KG. Mechanosensing and mechanoregulation of endothelial cell functions. Compr Physiol. 2019;9(2):873. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c180020. ##Grässel S, Muschter D. Recent advances in the treatment of osteoarthritis. F1000Res. 2020;9: F1000 Faculty Rev-325. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.22115.1. ##Liu T, Zhang L, Joo D, Sun SC. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. ignal Transduct Target Ther. 2017;2(1):1-9. doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23. ##Bouyahya A, Chamkhi I, Balahbib A, Rebezov M, Shariati MA, Wilairatana P, et al. Mechanisms, anti-quorum-sensing actions, and clinical trials of medicinal plant bioactive compounds against bacteria: a comprehensive review. Molecules. 2022;27(5):1484. doi:10.3390/molecules27051484. ##Chen M, Chen Z, Huang D, Sun C, Xie J, Chen T, et al. Myricetin inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation in A549 cells via the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 65:102000. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102000. ##Li F, Zhang J, Lin M, Su X, Li C, Wang H, et al. Anti-inflammatory terpenes from Schefflera rubriflora C. J. Tseng & G. Hoo with their TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitory activities. Phytochemistry. 2019; 163:23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.021. ##de Christo Scherer MM, Marques FM, Figueira MM, Peisino MCO, Schmitt EFP, Kondratyuk TP, et al. Wound healing activity of terpinolene and α-phellandrene by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro. J Tissue Viability. 2019 May;28(2):94-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jtv.2019.02.003. ##Huo M, Cui X, Xue J, Chi G, Gao R, Deng X, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of linalool in RAW 264.7 macrophages and lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury model. J Surg Res. 2013;180(1): e47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.050. ##Yoon WJ, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Limonene suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Oleo Sci. 2010;59(8):415-21. doi: 10.5650/jos.59.415. ##Gonçalves RLG, Cunha FVM, Sousa-Neto BPS, Oliveira LSA, Lopes ME, et al. α-Phellandrene attenuates tissular damage, oxidative stress, and TNF-α levels on acute model ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020 Oct;393(10):1835-1848. doi: 10.1007/s00210-020-01869-3.. Erratum in: Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020;393(12):2553-2554. doi:10.1007/s00210-020-01869-3.##de Oliveira Ramalho TR, de Oliveira MT, de Araujo Lima AL, Bezerra-Santos CR, Piuvezam MR. Gamma-terpinene modulates acute inflammatory response in mice. Planta Medica. 2015;81(14):1248-54. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1546169.##Dort J, Fabre P, Molina T, Dumont NA. Macrophages Are Key Regulators of Stem Cells during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Diseases. Stem Cells Int. 2019 Jul 14; 2019:4761427. doi: 10.1155/2019/4761427. ##Sousa C, Neves BM, Leitão AJ, Mendes AF. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of (S)-(+)-carvone identifies a novel class of sirtuin-1 activators in a murine macrophage cell line. Biomedicines. 2021;9(7):777. doi:10.3390/biomedicines9070777.##Aziz N, Kim MY, Cho JY. Anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin: A review of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2018; 225:342-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.019.##Wongwat T, Srihaphon K, Pitaksutheepong C, Boonyo W, Pitaksuteepong T. Suppression of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 by Morus alba stem extract and oxyresveratrol in RAW 264.7 cells and C28/I2 human chondrocytes. J Tradit Complement Med. 2020;10(2):132-40. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.03.006.## ##

Prediction of Marital Boredom Based on Emotional and Social Maturity 2 2 Introduction: The present study aimed to explain the prediction of marital boredom based on emotional and social maturity among married people in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and correlational study, 362 married people (270 females and 92 males) who have married for ten years were selected by convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this research included Paynes's Marital Boredom Self-Report Scale, Yashvir and Bhargava's Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS), and Rao's Social Maturity Scale (RSMS). In addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and correlation matrix), inferential statistics (structural equation model) were used to analyze the data of the aforementioned scales collected from the sample population by AMOS software. Results: Research findings demonstrated that emotional maturity predicts marital boredom significantly (P < 0.01, β = -0.69), but social maturity is not a significant predictor for marital boredom (P < 0.01, β = -0.09). The model was modified by considering the output modification indicators of Amos software. Overall, the results of this analysis showed that the final model was well fitted. Conclusion: Results of this research showed that the emotional maturity could predict marital boredom significantly, but social maturity is not a significant predictor for marital boredom.   15 24 2021/07/222021/06/3 1400/3/13 2022/09/32021/10/4 1400/7/12 Maryam Ali Cheshmeh Alaei Maryam Ali Cheshmeh Alaei Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran samanisiamak@gmail.com Siamak Samani Siamak Samani Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran m_alaee85@yahoo.com Nadereh Sohrabi Nadereh Sohrabi Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran Sohrabi_sh2006@yahoo.com Hossein Baghouli Hossein Baghouli Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Iran bhossein@gmail.com Marital boredom Emotional maturity Social maturity Zakeri F, Saffariantoosi MR, Nejat H. The Role of Self-Compassion Moderator in the Effect of Alexithymia and Interpersonal Problems on Marital Boredom in Maladjusted Women. J Posit Psychol. 2020; 5(4):35-50. 10.22108/PPLS.2020.115339.1662.##Fotohi S, Mikaeili N, Atadokht A, Hajlo N. Comparing the effectiveness of meta-emotion-based couple therapy with narrative couple therapy on adjustment and cuople burnout in conflicting couples. J Couns Psychol. 2018; 9(34):77-101. 10.22054/QCCPC.2018.27362.1672.##Kamalian T, Mirzahosseini H, Monirpoor N. The Effects of Emotional Schema Therapy and Differentiation Training on Emotional Divorce in Women. J Client- Centered Nurs Care. 2021; 7(1):65-74. [Persian]##Nazari A, Rasouli M, Davarniya R, Hosseini A, Babaei Gharmkhani M. Effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) on couple burnout and divorce tendency in married women. Iran J Psychiatry. 2015; 3(3):41-52. [Persian]##Gito M, Ihara H, Ogata H. The relationship of resilience, hardiness, depression and burnout among Japanese psychiatric hospital nurses. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2013; 3(11): p12. doi:10.5430/jnep. v3n11p12.##Kim JS, Lee YS. Study on fatigue, stress and burnout of pregnant nurses. Korean J Occup Health Nurs. 2013;22(3):208-17. doi:10.5807/kjohn.2013.22.3.208.##Kozak A, Kersten M, Schillmöller Z, Nienhaus A. Psychosocial work-related predictors and consequences of personal burnout among staff working with people with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34(1):102-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.021##Harandi RJ, Rajaie Moosavi SF, Investigating the Relationship among Emotional Maturity, Perceived Social Support and the Family Emotional Atmosphere in High School Students in Qom. New Thoughts on Education Faculty of Education and Psychology. 2019; 15(2):45-62. [Persian] doi: 10. 22051/jontoe. 2019. 20580. 2235. ##Bazrgar, H, Honarparvaran N. Comparison of emotional maturity in people with a tendency to betrayal and normal people. Journal of Recent Advances in Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 4(40)17-25. [Persian].##Zonash R, Arouj K. Social Intolerance and Psychological Distress among Cardiac Patients: Moderating Role of Emotional Regulation. PJPR. 2017 :273-96.##Asharifi-Rigi A, Mehrabizade-Honarmand M, Beshlideh K, et al. Mediating Role of Distress Tolerance in Relationship of Emotional Maturity and Spiritual Intelligence with Adjustment to University. J Pazhūhesh dar dīn va salāmat. 2019; 5(1):87-100. [Persian]##Rafeedali E. Influence of self-concept and emotional maturity on leadership behaviour of secondary schools’ heads in Kerala, India Eur J Educ. 2017; 3(1):34-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v0i0.434##Mokhtari B, Farah Bakhsh K. Predicting the emotional maturity of female high school students based on attachment style and the degree of differentiation of mothers in Najafabad. Appl Res Consult. 2019; 5(2). [Persian]##Viscermi A, Abdollahi Moghaddam M. Compare emotional and social maturity and sensation seeking in adolescents and ordinary criminals Khorramabad. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi. 2019; 8(1):6-9. [Persian]##Devine MA, Dawson S. The effect of a residential camp experience on self-esteem and social acceptance of youth with craniofacial differences. Ther Recreat J. 2010; 44(2):105-20.##Taniguchi ST, Freeman PA, Taylor S, Malcarne B. A study of married couples' perceptions of marital satisfaction in outdoor recreation. J Exp Educ. 2006; 28(3):253-56. doi:10.1177/105382590602800309.##Pines AM, Nunes R. The relationship between career and couple burnout: Implications for career and couple counseling. J Employ Couns. 2003; 40(2):50-64. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1920. 2003.tb00856.x##Hafez Abadi F. Differences in emotional maturity of female students aged 18-30. Bachelor's thesis of Sistan and Baluchestan University. 2007. [Persian]##The Relationship between Mothers’Emotional Maturity ‎and theire Children’s Behavioral Disorders. J Women Fam Stud. 2009; 2(6): 29-49.##Karami A. Rao Social Maturity Scale., Sina Behavioral Sciences Research Institute. Tehran. 2002.##Falahati F, Mohammadi M. Prediction of marital burnout based on automatic negative thoughts and alexithymia among couples. J Midwifery Reproductive Health. 2020; 8(2): 2211-2219. doi: 10.22038/jmrh.2020.43917.1522 2##Nazarpour D, Zahrakar K, Pouryahya M, Davarniya R. Effectiveness of Couple Therapy based on Imago Relationship Therapy: Its Impact on Couple Burnout. Shefaye Khatam. 2019; 7 (4) :51-60##Mohammad Sharooni R, Shokri O, Hosseinzadeh Taghvaei M, Danesh E. The Modeling of Structural Relationship of Marital Conflict Concerning Attachment Styles, Narcissism Sensation Seeking, and Marital Burnout in Couples. Middle Eastern J Disab Stud. 2020; 10:23. [Persian]##Pamuk M, Durmuş E. Investigation of burnout in marriage. J Human Sci. 2015;12(1):162-77.##Pines A. The burnout measures short version (BMS). Ind J Sleep Med. 2005; 12: 78-88.##Nindyasari Y, Herawati T. The relation of emotional maturity, family interaction and marital satisfaction of early age married couples. J Fam Sci. 2018; 3(2): 16-29. doi:10.29244/jfs.3.2.16-29.##Bakhshizadeh F, Samani S, Khayer M. A Causal model, self-differentiation and Morital Satisfaction. J Women Soc. 2019; 10(39):31-46. ##Mahmoudpour A, Shiri T, Ahmadbokani S, Naeimi E. Prediction of Marital Burnout Based on Differentiation of self and Communication Beliefs with mediation Role of Emotional Regulation in Female Applicants for Divorce. Fam Couns Psychother. 2021; 10(2): 361-390.## ##

Influence of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in miR-196a2 on Idiopathic Asthenozoospermia in Iranian Azeri Males 2 2 Introduction: Asthenozoospermia (AZS), sperm immobility, is one of the major cause of men infertility. Evidence suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in spermatogenesis process. However, the association of miRNAs polymorphisms with idiopathic male infertility remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated correlation between miR-196a2 rs11614913 polymorphism and idiopathic AZS among Iranian Azeri men. Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 men with idiopathic AZS (case group) as well as 50 age and ethnically matched healthy men (control group) were enrolled from East Azerbaijan, Iran. The proteinase K method was used to extract the genomic DNA from sperm samples. Finally, genotyping was conducted using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (Tetra-ARMS PCR) method. Results: The frequency of TT, TC, and CC genotypes were 12%, 54%, and 34%, respectively, in patients with AZS; whereas the figures were 8%, 40%, and 52% in healthy controls, respectively. We found a significant difference between case and control groups in term of CC genotype frequency (P = 0.016). Conclusion: We found a significant correlation between miR-196a2 rs11614913 polymorphism and AZS in Iranian Azeri men.   25 30 2021/07/222021/06/32020/11/14 1399/8/24 2022/09/32021/10/42021/01/17 1399/10/28 Hamed Mohammadzadeh Zangalani Hamed Mohammadzadeh Zangalani Department of Molecular Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran hamedmohamadzadeh93@gmail.com Seyed Babak Khalilzadeh Kaleybar Seyed Babak Khalilzadeh Kaleybar Department of Pathology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran b_khalifehzadeh@yahoo.com Asthenozoospermia miR-196a2 Polymorphism Tetra-ARMS PCR Coutton C, Satre V, Arnoult C, Ray P. Genetics of male infertility: the new players. Med Sci (Paris). 2012;28(5):497-502. doi: 10.1051/medsci/2012285014.##Soheilyfar S, Nikyar T, Fathi Maroufi N, Mohebi Chamkhorami F, Amini Z, Ahmadi M, et al. Association of IL-10, IL-18, and IL-33 genetic polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss risk in Iranian women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(4):342-5. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1528220.##Nasirpour H, Azari Key Y, Kazemipur N, Majidpour M, Mahdavi S, Hajazimian S, et al. Association of rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma infections with recurrent miscarriages in Bonab-Iran: a case-control study. Gene Cell Tissue. 2017;4(3): e60891. ##doi: 10.5812/gct.60891.##Hajizadeh YS, Emami E, Nottagh M, Amini Z, Maroufi NF, Azimian SH, et al. Effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene 86 bp VNTR polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss: a case-control study. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2017;30(3):1-6. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0010.##Curi SM, Ariagno JI, Chenlo PH, Mendeluk GR, Pugliese MN, Sardi Segovia LM, et al. Asthenozoospermia: analysis of a large population. Arch Androl. 2003;49(5):343-9. doi: 10.1080/713828220.##Piomboni P, Focarelli R, Stendardi A, Ferramosca A, Zara V. The role of mitochondria in energy production for human sperm motility. Int J Androl. 2012;35(2):109-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01218. x.##Poongothai JE, Gopenath TS, Manonayaki SW. Genetics of human male infertility. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(4):336-47. doi: 10.2174/1381612043453261.##Shademan B, Nourazarian A, Nikanfar M, Avci CB, Hasanpour M, Isazadeh A. Investigation the miRNA146a and miRNA155 gene expression levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci. 2020; 87:189-193. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.071##Hajazimian S, Maleki M, Danaei Mehrabad S, Isazadeh A. Human Wharton’s jelly stem cells inhibit endometriosis through apoptosis induction. Reproduction 2020;159 (4):549-58. doi: 10.1530/REP-19-0597.##Astamal RV, Maghoul A, Taefehshokr S, Bagheri T, Mikaeili E, Derakhshani A, Delashoub M, Taefehshokr N, Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Tran A. Regulatory role of microRNAs in cancer through Hippo signaling pathway. Pathol-Res Pract. 2020;216(12):153241. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153241.##Taefehshokr S, Taefehshokr N, Hemmat N, Hajazimian S, Isazadeh A, Dadebighlu P, Baradaran B. The Pivotal Role of MicroRNAs in Glucose Metabolism in Cancer. Pathol-Res Pract. 2020; 217:153314. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153314.##Soheilyfar S, Velashjerdi Z, Hajizadeh YS, Maroufi NF, Amini Z, Khorrami A, Azimian SH, Isazadeh A, Taefehshokr S, Taefehshokr N. In vivo and in vitro impact of miR-31 and miR-143 on the suppression of metastasis and invasion in breast cancer. J BUON. 2018;23(5):1290-6.##Fu JD, Rushing SN, Lieu DK, Chan CW, Kong CW, Geng L, Wilson KD, Chiamvimonvat N, Boheler KR, Wu JC, Keller G. Distinct roles of microRNA-1 and-499 in ventricular specification and functional maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. PloSone. 2011;6(11): e27417. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027417.##Fathi Maroufi N, Taefehshokr S, Rashidi MR, Taefehshokr N, Khoshakhlagh M, Isazadeh A, Mokarizadeh N, Baradaran B, Nouri M. Vascular mimicry: changing the therapeutic paradigms in cancer. Mol Biol Rep. 2020; 47:1-7. doi: 10.1007/s11033-020-05515-2.##Wu J, Bao J, Kim M, Yuan S, Tang C, Zheng H, Mastick GS, Xu C, Yan W. Two miRNA clusters, miR-34b/c and miR-449, are essential for normal brain development, motile ciliogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(28): 2851-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407777111.##Krawetz SA, Kruger A, Lalancette C, Tagett R, Anton E, Draghici S, Diamond MP. A survey of small RNAs in human sperm. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(12):3401-12. doi: 10.1093/humrep/der329.##Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(6):1506-12. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dem046.##Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Rahmani SA, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Samanmanesh S, Karimkhanilouei S. The effects of Factor II (rs1799963) polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women. Riv Ital Med Lab. 2017;13(1):37-40. doi: 10.1007/s13631-017-0145-y.##Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Rahmani SA, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Moghtaran N, Maroufi NF. The effect of factor-xi (rs3756008) polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women. Gene Cell Tissue. 2017;4(1): e43717. doi: 10.17795/gct-43717.##Shiralizadeh J, Barmaki H, Haiaty S, Faridvand Y, Mostafazadeh M, Mokarizadeh N, et al. The effects of high and lowdoses of folic acid on oxidation of protein levels during pregnancy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 33:20170039. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0039.##Wu W, Qin Y, Li Z, Dong J, Dai J, Lu C, Guo X, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Hang B. Genome-wide microRNA expression profiling in idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia: significant up-regulation of miR-141, miR-429 and miR-7-1-3p. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(7):1827-36. ##Hu Z, Chen J, Tian T, Zhou X, Gu H, Xu L, Zeng Y, Miao R, Jin G, Ma H, Chen Y. Genetic variants of miRNA sequences and non–small cell lung cancer survival. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(7):2600-8. doi: 10.1172/JCI34934.##Liu Z, Li G, Wei S, Niu J, El‐Naggar AK, Sturgis EM, Wei Q. Genetic variants in selected pre‐microRNA genes and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer. 2010;116(20):4753-60. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25323.##Lu J, Gu H, Tang Q, Wu W, Yuan B, Guo D, Wei Y, Sun H, Xia Y, Ding H, Hu L. Common SNP in hsa-miR-196a-2 increases hsa-miR-196a-5p expression and predisposes to idiopathic male infertility in Chinese Han population. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:19825. doi: 10.1038/srep19825.##Jeon YJ, Kim SY, Rah H, Choi DH, Cha SH, Yoon TK, Lee WS, Shim SH, Kim NK. Association of the mi R‐146a C> G, mi R‐149T> C, mi R‐196a2 T> C, and mi R‐499 A> G Polymorphisms with Risk of Spontaneously Aborted Fetuses. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2012;68(5):408-17. doi: 10.1111/aji.12005.##Fathi Maroufi N, Aghayi E, Garshsbi H, Matin MG, Bedoustani AB, Amoudizaj FF, et al. Association of rs1946518 C/A Polymorphism in Promoter Region of Interleukin 18 Gene and Breast Cancer Risk in Iranian Women: A Case-control Study. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;18(6):671-678. doi: 10.18502/ijaai. v18i6.2180.##Fathi Maroufi N, Gholampour Matin M, Ghanbari N, Khorrami A, Amini Z, Haj Azimian S, et al. Influence of single nucleotide polymorphism in IL-27 and IL-33 genes on breast cancer. Br J Biomed Sci. 2019;76(2):89-91. doi: 10.1080/09674845.2018.1545554.##Isazadeh A, Azimian SH, Tariverdi N, Rahmani SA, Esmaeili M, Karimkhanilouei S, et al. Effects of coagulation factor XIII (Val34Leu) polymorphism on recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women. LaboratoriumsMedizin. 2017;41(2):89-92. doi: 10.1515/labmed-2017-0012.## ##

Inhibition of Oral Cancer Cell Line KB by Hydroxytyrosol Through Induction of Apoptosis 2 2 Introduction: Cancer is a disorder with a high mortality rate that leads to many psychological and economic conflicts. Herbal compounds that induce apoptosis are one of the methods for the treatment of cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of hydroxytyrosol on oral cancer cell line KB and the regulation of BAX and BCL2 genes expression. Materials and Methods: Anti-proliferation effects of hydroxytyrosol against oral cancer cell line KB were investigated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Moreover, mRNA expression of BAX and BCL2 genes were investigated by quantitative Real-Time PCR method. Results: We observed a significant decrease in proliferation of the oral cancer cell line treated with hydroxytyrosol. In addition, expression of BAX and BCL2 genes was significantly increased (3.3 fold) and decreased (2.2 fold) in the oral cancer cell line treated with Hydroxytyrosol, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The study indicated a high antiproliferation effect of hydroxytyrosol against oral cancer cell line KB through regulating the expression of some apoptotic genes.   31 37 2021/07/222021/06/32020/11/142021/01/27 1399/11/8 2022/09/32021/10/42021/01/172021/03/1 1399/12/11 Zahra Amini Zahra Amini Department of Marine Biology, Khorramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khorramshahr, Iran Iran amini.zahra@yahoo.com Rasoul Etemadi Rasoul Etemadi Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran etemadi.rasoul@gmail.com Gholamreza Jahangirzadeh Sooreh Gholamreza Jahangirzadeh Sooreh Department of Molecular Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran gh.jahangirzadeh@gmail.com Milad Jaberi Milad Jaberi Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran milad.jaberi@gmail.com Oral cancer Hydroxytyrosol Apoptosis Anticancer Hassanpour SH, Dehghani M. Review of cancer from perspective of molecular. J Cancer Res Pract. 2017;4(4):127-9.##Clark AG, Vignjevic DM. Modes of cancer cell invasion and the role of the microenvironment. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2015; 36:13-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.06.004.##Warnakulasuriya S. Causes of oral cancer–an appraisal of controversies. Br Dent J. 2009;207(10):471-5.##Dhanuthai K, Rojanawatsirivej S, Thosaporn W, Kintarak S, Subarnbhesaj A, Darling M, Kryshtalskyj E, Chiang CP, Shin HI, Choi SY, Lee SS. Oral cancer: A multicenter study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(1):e23. doi: 10.4317/medoral.21999.##Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394-424. doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492.##Almangush A, Mäkitie AA, Triantafyllou A, de Bree R, Strojan P, Rinaldo A, et al. Staging and grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma: An update. Oral Oncol. 2020; 107:104799. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104799.##Tandon P, Dadhich A, Saluja H, Bawane S, Sachdeva S. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sites of oral cavity at our Rural Health Care Centre in Loni, Maharashtra–a retrospective 10-year study. Contemp Oncol. 2017;21(2):178. doi: 10.5114/wo.2017.68628.##Inchingolo F, Santacroce L, Ballini A, Topi S, Dipalma G, Haxhirexha K, et al. Oral Cancer: A Historical Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3168. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093168.##Lin WJ, Jiang RS, Wu SH, Chen FJ, Liu SA. Smoking, alcohol, and betel quid and oral cancer: a prospective cohort study. J Oncol. 2011;2011. doi: 10.1155/2011/525976.##Taheri E, Ghorbani S, Safi M, Sani NS, Amoodizaj FF, Hajazimian S, Heidari M, et al. Inhibition of Colorectal Cancer Cell Line CaCo-2 by Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Through Induction of Apoptosis. Acta Med Iran 2020;58(6):260-265.##Hajazimian S, Maleki M, Mehrabad SD, Isazadeh A. Human Wharton’s jelly stem cells inhibit endometriosis through apoptosis induction. Reproduction. 2020;159(5):549-58. doi: 10.1530/REP-19-0597.##Mahdavi S, Azizi Dehbokri M, Isazadeh A. Contamination of chicken meat with salmonella spp distributed in mahabad city, iran. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2018;6(3):65-8. doi:10.15171/ijep.2018.18##Maroufi NF, Vahedian V, Hemati S, Rashidi M, Akbarzadeh M, Zahedi M, et al. Targeting cancer stem cells by melatonin: Effective therapy for cancer treatment. Pathol Res Pract. 2020:152919. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152919.##Boss A, Bishop KS, Marlow G, Barnett MP, Ferguson LR. Evidence to support the anti-cancer effect of olive leaf extract and future directions. Nutrients. 2016;8(8):513. doi: 10.3390/nu8080513.##Farhoudi Sefidan Jadid M, Shadman B, Chavoshi R, Seyyedsani N, Aghaei E, Taheri E, et al. Enhanced Anticancer Potency of Hydroxytyrosol and Curcumin by PLGA-PAA Nano-Encapsulation on PANC-1 Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line. Environ Toxicol. 2021;1-5. doi: 10.1002/tox.23103.##Zhao B, Ma Y, Xu Z, Wang J, Wang F, Wang D, et al. Hydroxytyrosol, a natural molecule from olive oil, suppresses the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via inactivating AKT and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. Cancer Lett. 2014;347(1):79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.028.##Calderón-Montaño JM, Madrona A, Burgos-Moron E, Orta ML, Mateos S, Espartero JL, et al. Selective cytotoxic activity of new lipophilic hydroxytyrosol alkyl ether derivatives. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(21):5046-53. doi: 10.1021/jf400796p.##Maroufi NF, Vahedian V, Akbarzadeh M, Mohammadian M, Zahedi M, Isazadeh A, et al. The apatinib inhibits breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Breast Cancer. 2020;27(4):613-620. doi: 10.1007/s12282-020-01055-6.##Isazadeh A, Hajazimian S, Shadman B, Safaei S, Babazadeh Bedoustani A, Chvosh R, et al. Anti-cancer effects of probiotic lactobacillus acidophilus for colorectal cancer cell line caco-2 through apoptosis induction. Pharm Sci. 2021;1-5. doi: 10.34172/PS.2020.52##Firouzi Amoodizaj F, Baghaeifar S, Taheri E, Farhoudi Sefidan Jadid M, Safi M, Seyyed Sani N, et al. Enhanced anticancer potency of doxorubicin in combination with curcumin in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2020:22486. doi: org/10.1002/jbt.22486##Vahedian V, Asadi A, Esmaeili P, Zamani S, Zamani R, Hajazimian S, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of emu oil-based nanofibrous scaffold through downregulation of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2020;20190052. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0052.##Mahdavi S, Kheyrollahi M, Sheikhloei H, Isazadeh A. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil on Food Borne Bacteria. Open Microbiol J. 2019;13(1):81-85.##Mahdavi S, Hajazimian S, Isazadeh A, Babashpour M, Shishehgar R. Study of the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh against infectious bacteria isolated from clinical and animal sources. J Comparative Pathobiol. 2017;13(4):2080.##Farhoudi Sefidan Jadid M, Aghaei E, Taheri E, Seyyedsani N, Chavoshi R, Abbasi S, et al. Melatonin Increases the Anticancer Potential of Doxorubicin in Caco-2 Colorectal Cancer Cells. Environ Toxicol. 2021;1-5. doi: org/10.1002/tox.23105##Soheilyfar S, Velashjerdi Z, Hajizadeh YS, Maroufi NF, Amini Z, Khorrami A, et al. In vivo and in vitro impact of miR-31 and miR-143 on the suppression of metastasis and invasion in breast cancer. J BUON. 2018;23(5):1290-6.##Maroufi NF, Taefehshokr S, Rashidi MR, Taefehshokr N, Khoshakhlagh M, Isazadeh A, et al. Vascular mimicry: changing the therapeutic paradigms in cancer. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(6):4749-65. doi: 10.1007/s11033-020-05515-2.##Astamal RV, Maghoul A, Taefehshokr S, Bagheri T, Mikaeili E, Derakhshani A, et al. Regulatory role of microRNAs in cancer through Hippo signaling pathway. Pathol-Res Pract. 2020;216(12):153241. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153241.##HemaIswarya S, Doble M. Potential synergism of natural products in the treatment of cancer. Phytother Res. 2006;20(4):239-49. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1841.##Wang W, Chen P, Su Y. Colorectal carcinoma: from tumorigenesis to treatment. Cell and Mol Life Sci. 2006;63(6):663-71. doi: 10.1007/s00018-005-5425-4.##Mohammad A, Bano Faruqi F, Mustafa J. Edible compounds as antitumor agents. Indian J Sci Technol. 2009;2(5):62-74. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i5.9.## ##

Comparison of HIF1 Gene Polymorphism (rs11549465) Among Elite and Amateur Karate-kas versus Non-athletes 2 2 Introduction: One of the major energy systems for power performance in muscles is glycolysis that is regulated by the levels of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1), which acts as a transcription factor in response to hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to compare the HIF1 gene polymorphism (rs11549465) between elite and amateur power karate-kas versus non-athletes. Materials and Methods: In this survey, the C/T polymorphism allelic and genotypic distribution of the “HIF1 rs11549465” gene was detected in 550 healthy Iranian persons who were divided into three groups: elite karate-kas (86 males and 86 females) and amateur karate-kas (100 males and 72 females) versus 206 non-athletes (100 males and 106 females).  5 cc blood was taken for DNA extraction and the HIF1 gene T/C polymorphism was determined by PCR from the extracted DNA. Also, RFLP analyses was exerted by electrophoresis separation. Statistical analyses included Chi-Square and multinomial regression tests and data with P < 0.05 were considered to be a significant amount. Results: The distribution of HIF1 C/T genotype in the groups was significantly different in all of subjects (TC: 25.6%; TT: 11.4% and CC: 63%) (χ2 = 99.889, P = 0.0001), but it was not different between the groups significantly (P > 0.05). Furthermore, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the genotype of HIF1 was not related to the karate-ka's athletic status. Conclusion: In Iranian population, the HIF1 gene C/T polymorphism is not related to the karate-ka athletic status.   38 48 2021/07/222021/06/32020/11/142021/01/272022/09/30 1401/7/8 2022/09/32021/10/42021/01/172021/03/12023/02/27 1401/12/8 Mohammad Reza Batavani Mohammad Reza Batavani Faculty of Center of Physical Education, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran Iran batavani@iut.ac.ir Sayyed Mohammad Marandi Sayyed Mohammad Marandi Department of Physiology, Faculty of Center of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Iran smmarandi2001@yahoo.com Kamran Ghaedi Kamran Ghaedi Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran Iran Mojtaba Babaei Khorzoghi Mojtaba Babaei Khorzoghi Faculty of Center of Physical Education, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran Iran babaei@iut.ac.ir Neda Boroushak Neda Boroushak Department of sports Biomechanics, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran Iran HIF1 protein Polymorphism Karate Elite DeMoor MH, Spector TD, Cherkas LF, Falchi M, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI, et al. Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. TRHGs. 2007; 10(6): 812-820. doi: 10.1375/twin.10.6.812.##Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pe´russe L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006–2007 update, Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41: 34–72. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181844179. ##Chen C, Sun Y, Liang H, Yu D, Hu S. A meta-analysis of the association of CKM gene rs8111989 polymorphism with sport performance. Biolsport, 2017; 34(4): 323- 330. doi:10.5114/biolsport.2017.69819. ##Massidda M, Voisin S, Culigioni C, Piras F, Cugia P, Yan, et al. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is associated with the incidence and severity of injuries in professional football players. Clin J Sport Med, 2019; 29(1): 57-61. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000487. ##Karjalainen J, Kujala UM, Stolt A, Mäntysaari M, Viitasalo M, Kainulainen K, et al. Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. JACC. 1999; 34(2): 494-499. ##Batavani MR, Emadi S, Mousavi SR, Ashena H. Comparison of ACE gene single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4646994) profile in Iranian elite karate-kas and weightlifters. Yafte, 2022; 24 (2): 54-68. doi:10.32592/Yafteh.2022.24.2.5. ##Sylviana N, Helja N, Qolbi HH, Goenawan H, Lesmana R, Rizky M, et al. Effect of Swimming Exercise to Cardiac PGC-1 and HIF-1 Gene Expression in Mice. Asian J Sports Med. 2018; 9(4): e65079 1-7. doi:10.5812/asjsm.65079. ##Mounier R, Pialoux V, Roels B, Thomas C, Millet G, Mercier J, et al. Effect of intermittent hypoxic training on HIF gene expression in human skeletal muscle and leukocytes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009; 105(4): 515- 524. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0928-y.##Jung S, Kim K. Exercise-induced PGC-1alpha transcriptional factors in skeletal muscle. Integr Med Res. 2014; 3(4): 155–60. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2014.09.004. ##Ohno H, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Sumitani Y, Sato S, et al. Effect of exercise on HIF-1 and VEGF signaling. JPFSM. 2012; 1(1): 5-16.##Clifford SC, Astuti D, Hooper L, Maxwell PH, Ratcliffe PJ, Maher ER. The pVHL associated SCF ubiquitin ligase complex: molecular genetic analysis of elongin B and C, Rbx1 and HIF-1alpha in renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 2001; 20: 5067-5074. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204602.##Ahmetov II, Fedotovskaya ON. Current progress in sports genomics. Advances in clinical chemistry. 2015; 70: 247-314. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2015.03.003.##Ahmetov II, Hakimullina AM, Lyubaeva EV, Vinogradova OL, Rogozkin VA. Effect of HIF1A gene polymorphism on human muscle performance, Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008; 146: 351–353. doi:10.1007/s10517-008-0291-3.##Cieszczyk P, Sawczuk M, Maciejewska A, Ficek K, Eider J, Variation in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α gene in elite combat athletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2011; 11: 119–123. doi:10.1080/17461391.2010.487120.##Gabbasov RT, Arkhipova AA, Borisova AV, Hakimullina AM, Kuznetsova AV, Williams AG, et al. The HIF1A gene Pro582Ser polymorphism in Russian strength athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; 27: 2055–2058. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827f06ae. ##Drozdovska SB, Dosenko VE, Ahmetov II, Ilyin V. The association of gene polymorphisms with athlete status in Ukrainians. Biolspor. 2013; 30(3): 163-167. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1059168.##Eynon N, Meckel Y, Alves AJ, Nemet D, Eliakim D. Is there an interaction between BDKRB2−9/+9 and GNB3 C825T polymorphisms and elite athletic performance? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011; 21 (6): 242-246. doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0838.2010.01261.x. ##Martínez J, Khorsandi S, Sojo R, Martínez C, Martín JA, López-Taylor JR, etal. Lack of an association between CKMM genotype and endurance performance level in Hispanic marathon runners. MedicinaSportiva. 2009; 13(4): 219-223. doi:10.2478/v10036-009-0034-1. ##Shokrzadeh M, Mohammadpour A. Evaluation of a modified salt-out method for DNA extraction from whole blood lymphocytes: A simple and economical method for gene polymorphism. PBR. 2018; 4(2): 28-32. doi: 10.18502/pbr.v4i2.218.##Zoll J, Ponsot E, Dufour S, Doutreleau S, Ventura-Clapier R, Vogt M, et al. Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners. III. Muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts. J Appl Physiol. 2006; 100: 1258-1266. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00359.2005.##Batavani MR, Marandi SM, Ghaedi K, Esfarjani F. Comparison of muscle-specific creatine kinase (CK-MM) gene polymorphism (rs8111989) among professional, amateur athletes and non-athlete karatekas. Asian J Sports Med, 2017; 8(2). e43210, 1-5. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.43210.##Semenza GL. Oxygen homeostasis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2010; 2: 336-361. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1011165.##Cooper DM, Radom-Aizik S, Schwindt C, Zaldivar F Jr. Dangerous exercise: lessons learned from dysregulated inflammatory responses to physical activity. J Appl Physiol. 2007;.103: 700-709. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00225.2007. ##Lemus-Varela ML, Flores-Soto ME, Cervantes-Munguia R, Torres-Mendoza BM, Gudino- abrera G, Chaparro-Huerta V, et al. Expression of HIF-1 alpha, VEGF and EPO in peripheral blood from patients with two cardiac abnormalities associated with hypoxia. Clin Biochem. 2010; 43(3): 234–9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.09.022. ##Brutsaert TD, Parra EJ. What makes a champion?: Explaining variation in human athletic performance. RESPNB. 2006; 151(2), 109-123. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.013.##Mitchell J, Haskell W, Snell P, Van Camp S. Classification of sports, J Am CollCardiol. 2005; 45(8): 1364-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.015. ##Lippi G, Longo U, Maffulli N. Genomics and sports. Br Med Bull. 2010; 93: 27-47. ##Guilherme JPLF, Tritto ACC, North KN, JUNIOR AHL, ARTIOLI GG. Genetics and sport performance: current challenges and directions to the future. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2014; 28:177–93. doi:10.1590/S1807-55092014000100177.##Vlahovich N, Fricker PA, Brown MA, Hughes D. Ethics of genetic testing and research in sport: a position statement from the Australian Institute of Sport. BJSM. 2017; 51(1): 5-11. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096661.##Döring F, Onur S, Fischer A, Boulay MR, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, et al. Common haplotype and the Pro582Ser polymorphism of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1A) gene in elite endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108: 1497-1500. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01165.2009.##Mason SD, Rundqvist H, Papandreou I, Duh R, McNulty WJ, Howlett RA, et al. HIF-1α in endurance training: suppression of oxidative metabolism. Am J Physiol. 2007; 293: 2059–2069. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00335.2007.## ##

The Response of the Coagulation System and Fibrinolytic Factors to Exercise and Saffron: A Systematic Review 2 2 Introduction: Blood coagulation is an important physiological process in maintaining homeostasis that causes blood to clot. The two main components of the hemostasis process are fibrinolysis and coagulation and influenced by many factors including physical activity and diet. This study aims to evaluate systematic review on the response of the coagulation system and Fibrolytic Factors to Exercise and Saffron. Materials and Methods: Search for studies on the response of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors to exercise and saffron extract in the reputable databases Springer, Hindawi, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID and ISC using the keyword Exercise Training and Saffron, platelet count (plt), fibrinogen level, relative activated thromboplastin time (PTT) and prothrombin time (PT) and plasminogen inhibitor-activating antigen (PAI-1), activating antigen tissue plasminogen (tPA), tPA activity and D-dimer were performed. Results: In studies related to saffron extract, its beneficial effects were observed during long-term interventions. However, saffron consumption during the short-term had no effect on coagulation factors. Also, in short-term aerobic and resistance training studies, some studies reported a transient improvement in coagulation indices. Both long-term aerobic and resistance training help to maintain of coagulation homeostasis. Conclusion: Exercise and saffron and its effective substances on the coagulation and fibrinolysis processes in healthy people and in some diseases (such as myocardial infarction and diabetes) have benefits.   49 58 2021/07/222021/06/32020/11/142021/01/272022/09/302022/09/6 1401/6/15 2022/09/32021/10/42021/01/172021/03/12023/02/272022/11/16 1401/8/25 Narges Laghaei Narges Laghaei Ph.D Student Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran n.laghaei@gmail.com Mehran Ghahramani Mehran Ghahramani Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Iran Mehran.physiology@gmail.com Homeostasis Exercise Saffron Coagulation factors Tanaka KA, Key NS, Levy JH. Blood coagulation: hemostasis and thrombin regulation. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(5):1433-46. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31819bcc9c.##Razavi B, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K, Hosseinzadeh H. Cardiovascular effects of saffron and its active constituents: A review article. Saffron agronomy and technology. 2014;1(2):3-13. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818638-1.00030-7.##Kamalipour M, Akhondzadeh S. Cardiovascular effects of saffron: an evidence-based review. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2011;6(2):59-61.##Perneby C, Wallén NH, Hofman-Bang C, Tornvall P, Ivert T, Li N, et al. Effect of clopidogrel treatment on stress-induced platelet activation and myocardial ischemia in aspirin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost. 2007;98(6):1316-22. doi: 10.1160/th07-05-0323.##Srivastava R, Ahmed H, Dixit RK, Dharamveer, Saraf SA. Crocus sativus L.: A comprehensive review. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):200-8. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.70919.##Verma SK and Bordia A. Antioxidant property of saffron in man. Ind. J. Med. Sci. 1998; 52 (5): 204 - 7.##Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR, Ziaee T and Danaee A. Protective effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and crocin, its active constituent, on renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative damage in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2005; 8 (3): 387 - 93.##Hosseinzadeh H, Modaghegh MH, Saffari Z. Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) extract and its active constituents (crocin and safranal) on ischemia-reperfusion in rat skeletal muscle. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;6(3):343-50. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem125.##Pitsikas N, Zisopoulou S, Tarantilis PA, Kanakis CD, Polissiou MG, Sakellaridis N. Effects of the active constituents of Crocus sativus L., crocins on recognition and spatial rats' memory. Behav Brain Res. 2007 Nov 2;183(2):141-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.06.001.##Zheng YQ, Liu JX, Wang JN, Xu L. Effects of crocin on reperfusion-induced oxidative/nitrative injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2007 Mar 23;1138:86-94. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.064.##Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Crocin, a dietary additive protects platelets from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and inhibits platelet aggregation. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;373(1-2):73-83. doi: 10.1007/s11010-012-1476-7##El-Sayed MS, Ali N, El-Sayed Ali Z. Haemorheology in exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35(8):649-70. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535080-00001.##Eriksson-Berg M, Egberg N, Eksborg S, Schenck-Gustafsson K. Retained fibrinolytic response and no coagulation activation after acute physical exercise in middle-aged women with previous myocardial infarction. Thromb Res. 2002;105(6):481-6. doi: 10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00063-4.##Azimpour M, Shahdadi A. Response of Coagulation Indices to Two Types of Exercise of Eccentric and Isometric in Male Bodybuilding Athletes. Qom Univ Med Sci J . 2016; 10 (2) :13-21 doi: 20.1001.1.17357799.1395.10.2.5.7##Ghanbari A, Tayebi S. The effect of a single session eccentric resistance exercise on some blood coagulation factors of inactive male students. Sci J Iran Blood Transfus Organ. 2011;8(3):195-206##Antunes BM, Rossi FE, Oyama LM, Rosa-Neto JC, Lira FS. Exercise intensity and physical fitness modulate lipoproteins profile during acute aerobic exercise session. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):4160. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61039-6.##El-Sayed MS, Davies B. A physical conditioning program does not alter fibrinogen concentration in young healthy subjects. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(4):485-9.##El-Kader S, Al-Jiffri OH. Coagulation, Fibrinolytic and Cytokines Parameters Response to Weight Reduction in Obese Subjects. EUR J GEN MED. 2017; 5:179-185. doi:10.29333/ejgm/81730##Rashid Lamar A, Hashemi Javaheri AA, Jafari M. The effect of regular aerobic training with weight loss on concentrations of fibrinogen and resistin in healthy and overweight men. Tehran Univ Med J. 2011;68(12):710-717. ##Podgórska K, Derkacz A, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Jasiczek J, Dobrowolski P, Radziwon-Balicka A, et al. Effect of Regular Aerobic Activity in Young Healthy Athletes on Profile of Endothelial Function and Platelet Activity. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:8715909. doi: 10.1155/2017/8715909. ##Bijeh Nahid, Sadat Jamali, Fahimeh Zabihi, Alireza Hejazi Keyvan. The effect of aerobic exercise with 55 to 65% of stored heart rate on C and S proteins and platelets in inactive middle-aged women Quarterly Journal of Evidence-Based Care. 2014; 11(4):57-64.##Gram AS, Bladbjerg EM, Skov J, Ploug T, Sjödin A, Rosenkilde M, Madsen DE, Stallknecht BM. Three months of strictly controlled daily endurance exercise reduces thrombin generation and fibrinolytic risk markers in younger moderately overweight men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(6):1331-8. doi: 10.1007/s00421-015-3106-z.##Jahangard T, Torkaman G, Ghoosheh B, Hedayati M, Dibaj A. The effect of short-term aerobic training on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in sedentary healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2009;64(4):223-7. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.09.003. ##Chandler WL, Schwartz RS, Stratton JR, Vitiello MV. Effects of endurance training on the circadian rhythm of fibrinolysis in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(6):647-55. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199606000-00001.##Ayatollahi H, Javan AO, Khajedaluee M, Shahroodian M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on coagulation and anticoagulation systems in healthy volunteers. Phytother Res. 2014;28(4):539-43. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5021. ##Lowe G, Rumley A, Norrie J, Ford I, Shepherd J, Cobbe S, et al. Blood rheology, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease: The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Thromb Haemost. 2000;84(4):553-8. ##Machado M, Koch AJ, Willardson JM, Pereira LS, Cardoso MI, Motta MK, Pereira R, Monteiro AN. Effect of varying rest intervals between sets of assistance exercises on creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase responses. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(5):1339-45. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d680d6.##Amini A, Kordi M R, Gaini A A, Ahmadi A, Ayoubian H, Lahoorpour F. The effects of aerobic exercises on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in inactive aged men. SJKU. 2011;15 (4) :25-32##Amouzad Mahdirejei H, Aghababaeian A, Mirsaiedii M, Fadaei Reyhan Abadei S, Abbaspour Seyedii A. Effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on hemostasis indeces and lipid profile in adult men. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2014; 16 (2) :21-28##Kohandelan shahrenoei Y, Rashidlamir A, Ebrahimi atri A. Effect of 4 Weeks Circuit Training on Plasma Fibrinogen in Wrestlers. JRUMS. 2014;12(12):1003-1014 doi: 20.1001.1.17353165.1392.12.12.2.8##Parsian Heshmatollah, Seyedlangi Seyedeh Zahra, Ghazalian Farshad, Soheili Shahram, Khanali Fataneh, Shirvani Hossein. The effect of 12 weeks of endurance training on serum C reactive protein and plasma fibrinogen as predictors of cardiovascular disease. sjimu. 2010; 18 (3) :1-9 ##Ghanbari–Niaki A, Saeidi A, Aliakbari-Beydokhti M, Ardeshiri S, Kolahdouzi S, Chaichi MJ, et al. Effects of Circuit Resistance Training with Crocus Sativus (Saffron) Supplementation on Plasma Viscosity and Fibrinogen. Ann Appl Sport Sci. 2015; 3 (2) :1-10 doi: 10.18869/acadpub.aassjournal.3.2.1##Asaadi V, Azizbeigi K , Khosravi N, Haghnazari N. The Effect of Exercise Training on Fibrinogen and Viscosity of Plasma: Comparing Endurance Continuous, Circuit Resistance and High Intensity Interval Trainings in Young Obese Men. J Clin Res Paramed Sci. Online ahead of Print ; 2019;8(2):e97880 doi: 10.5812/jcrps.97880##Piccione G, Fazio F, Giudice E, Grasso F, Caola G. Exercise-induced Changes in the Clotting Times and Fibrinolytic Activity during Official 1600- and 2 000-Meters Trot Races in the Standardbred Horses. Acta Veterinaria Brno 2005; 74(4): 509-14. doi: 10.3390/ani11020447##Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Carpenter M, Heiss G. Fibrinogen, other putative markers of inflammation, and weight gain in middle-aged adults--the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Obes Res. 2000;8(4):279-86. doi: 10.1038/oby.2000.33.## ##

Evaluation of Possible Psychological Trauma and Brain Injuries During COVID-19: A systematic review 2 2 Introduction: With the outbreak of COVID-19, researchers started their studies on the various aspects of the infection by this newly-emerged virus. In addition to the pulmonary infection routes, some signs were discovered regarding psychological and physiological damages. Materials and Methods: Our study aimed at collecting the results of the studies around the world on the possible psychological and physiological damages caused by COVID-19 in the neural system. Herein, we gathered 125 related articles up to June 2021 by searching the keywords COVID-19 brain infection, COVID-19 infection disease imaging findings COVID-19, mental health, and COVID-19 in the databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Google. The articles unrelated to the objective of our study were excluded, and finally, 43 articles were used. Results: In this study, reports indicate an increase in the volume of gray matter in the hippocampus and olfactory lobe and an increase in anisotropy in the white matter in people with the acute form of the disease compared to people without it. Therefore, psychologically, some forms of mental rumination and apathy were confirmed in affected people. Conclusion: Considering the probable inability of the SARS-COV virus to cross the blood-brain barrier, the reason for the neuropathological lesions and brain encephalopathies has yet to be discerned, and this is a somewhat unknown mechanism   59 67 2021/07/222021/06/32020/11/142021/01/272022/09/302022/09/62021/10/22 1400/7/30 2022/09/32021/10/42021/01/172021/03/12023/02/272022/11/162021/12/29 1400/10/8 Javad Cheraghi Javad Cheraghi Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Iran jcheraghi91@gmail.com Aref Nooraei Aref Nooraei Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Ilam, Iran, Iran Iran aref.noraie2012@gmail.com marzihe havasi marzihe havasi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran havasiii1270@gmail.com Salman Soltani Salman Soltani Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Ilam, Iran, Iran Iran soltani1981@yahoo.com Saeed Feez Babaei Saeed Feez Babaei Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Iran saeed.feyzbabaei30@gmail.com Mostafa Hajizade Mostafa Hajizade Department of Radiology, Imam Hospital of Ilam, Ilam, Iran Iran saeed.feyzbabaei30@gmail.com Psychological damage Brain COVID-19 Xu B, Gutierrez B, Mekaru S, Sewalk K, Goodwin L, Loskill A, et al. Epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak, real-time case information. Sci Data.2020;7(1):106-116.doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-0448-0. ##Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health. 2020; 25(3) :278-280.doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383. ##Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health. 2020;25(3):278-280.doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383. ##Pormohammad A, Ghorbani S, Baradaran B, Khatami A, J Turner R, Mansournia MA, et al.Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes of 61,742 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2020؛147: 1-10 .doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104390. ##Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF. Depression and Anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2020؛17(10):8doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103740.##Koh D, Lim MK, Chia SE, Ko SM, Qian F, Ng V,et al. Risk perception and impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: what can we learn? Med Care. 2005;43(7):676-682.doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000167181.36730.cc.##Saavedra JM. COVID-19, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and the Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2020;40(5):667-674. doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-00861-y. ##Liu, Y, Huang, F, Xu, J, Yang, P, Qin, Y, Cao, et al. Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II receptor blockers associated to mitigation of disease severity in elderly COVID-19 patients.2020؛20(3) :39-58‌.doi:org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039586##Maffei M, Mazzatenta A, Origlia N. Editorial: Loss of taste and smell in COVID-19 patients: A prognostic tool and a starting point to investigate the action of SARS-CoV-2 in the central nervous system.Front Cell‌ Neurosci. 2023;3)17(:119-127.doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1191227. ##Suzuki M, Saito K, Min WP, Vladau C, Toida K, Itoh H, Murakami S. Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(2):272-277. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e. ##Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus Targeting the CNS: Tissue Distribution, Host-Virus Interaction, and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020؛11(7):995-998. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122. ##Yamagata R, Nemoto W, Nakagawasai O,Takahashi K, Tan-No K. Downregulation of spinal angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is involved in neuropathic pain associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;174:(1)113-118. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113825.##Setiadi A, Korim WS, Elsaafien K, Yao ST. The role of the blood-brain barrier in hypertension. Exp Physiol. 2018;103(3):337-342.doi: 10.1113/EP086434.##Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-574.doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. ##Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, et al. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. ##Hung EC, Chim SS, Chan PK, Tong YK, Ng EK, Chiu RW,et al Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem. 2003;49(12):210-219،doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.025437. ##Arbour N, Day R, Newcombe J, Talbot PJ. Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses.JVirol.)2000(;74(19)،doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.8913-8921.2000. ##Chan AO, Huak CY. Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. Occup Med (Lond). 2004;54(3):190-6.doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqh027. ##Phua DH, Tang HK, Tham KY. Coping responses of emergency physicians and nurses to the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12(4):322-8.doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2004.11.015. ##Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Rourke S, Hunter JJ, Goldbloom D, Balderson K, Petryshen P, Steinberg R, et al. Factors associated with the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on nurses and other hospital workers in Toronto.Psychosom Med. 2004;66(6):938-42.doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000145673.84698.18.##Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):37-38.doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309- . ##Culhane D, Szymkowiak D, Schinka JA. Suicidality and the Onset of Homelessness: Evidence for a Temporal Association From VHA Treatment Records. Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70(11):1049-1052.doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201800415.##Elbogen EB, Lanier M, Blakey SM, Wagner HR, Tsai J. Suicidal ideation and thoughts of self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of COVID-19-related stress, social isolation, and financial strain. Depress Anxiety.)2021;38(7):739–748. doi: 10.1002/da.23162##Racine N, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Korczak DJ, McArthur B, Madigan S. Child and adolescent mental illness during COVID-19: A rapid review. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292،.doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113307. ##Liu S, Liu Y, Liu Y. Somatic symptoms and concern regarding COVID-19 among Chinese college and primary school students: A cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113070. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113070. ##Hagerty SL, Williams LM. The impact of COVID-19 on mental health: The interactive roles of brain biotypes and human connection. Brain Behav Immun Health.2020;5)100078.(doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100078. ##Williams LM. Defining biotypes for depression and anxiety based on large-scale circuit dysfunction: a theoretical review of the evidence and future directions for clinical translation. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(1):9-24. doi: 10.1002/da.22556.##Craske MG, Meuret AE, Ritz T, Treanor M, Dour H, Rosenfield D. Positive affect treatment for depression and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial for a core feature of anhedonia. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2019;87(5):457-471.doi: 10.1037/ccp0000396.##Wood H. New insights into the neurological effects of COVID-19. Nat Rev Neurol.2020;16(8):403.doi: 10.1038/s41582-020-0386-7. ##Matthews AE, Weiss SR, Paterson Y. Murine hepatitis virus--a model for virus-induced CNS demyelination. J Neurovirol. 2002;8(2):76-85.doi: 10.1080/13550280290049534. ##Arbour N, Day R, Newcombe J, Talbot PJ. Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. J Virol. 2000;74(19):8913-21.doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.8913-8921.2000.##Hung EC, Chim SS, Chan PK, Tong YK, Ng EK, Chiu RW, Leung CB, et al. Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem. 2003;49(12):2108-9.doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.025437. ##Solomon IH, Normandin E, Bhattacharyya S, Mukerji SS, Keller K, Ali AS, Adams G, Hornick JL, Padera RF Jr, Sabeti P. Neuropathological Features of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(10):989-992.doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2019373. ##Kremer S, Lersy F, de Sèze J, Ferré JC, Maamar A, Carsin-Nicol B, et al. Brain MRI Findings in Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study. Radiology. 2020;297(2):242-251. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202222. ##Lu Y, Li X, Geng D, Mei N, Wu PY, Huang CC, et al. Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients - An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;25(100484): doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100484. ##Mahajan A, Mason GF. A sobering addition to the literature on COVID-19 and the brain. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(8): doi: 10.1172/JCI148376. ##Zhu, Y., Jiang, M., Gao, L., & Huang, X. Single cell analysis of ACE2 expression reveals the potential targets for 2019-nCoV. 2020.doi: 10.20944/preprints202002.0221.v1##Palasca O, Santos A, Stolte C, Gorodkin J, Jensen LJ. TISSUES 2.0: an integrative web resource on mammalian tissue expression. Database (Oxford). 2018;2018:bay003.doi: 10.1093/database/bay003. ##Wang G, Chen X, Liu S, Wong C, Chu S. Mechanical Chameleon through Dynamic Real-Time Plasmonic Tuning. ACS Nano. 2016;10(2):1788-94. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07472. ##Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol. 2008;82(15):7264-75. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00737-08. ##Carroll E, Lewis A. Catastrophic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Two Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Neurocrit Care.2021;34(1):354-358. doi: 10.1007/s12028-020-00993-5. ##Thachil J. The versatile heparin in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1020-1022. doi: 10.1111/jth.14821. ##Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:18-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031. ##Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-690. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol. ##Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):،552-555. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25728. ##Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol.20201;77(6):683-690. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127.##Morfopoulou S, Brown JR, Davies EG, Anderson G, Virasami A, Qasim W, et al. Human Coronavirus OC43 Associated with Fatal Encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(5):497-8: doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1509458. ##Tsai LK, Hsieh ST, Chang YC. Neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2005;14(3)،113-119: ##Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ; HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229)،1033-1034: doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0. ##Umapathi T, Kor AC, Venketasubramanian N, Lim CC, Pang BC, Yeo TT, Lee CC, et al. Large artery ischaemic stroke in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Neurol. 2004;251(10):1227-1231. doi: 10.1007/s00415-004-0519-8. ##Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, etal. Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2268-2270. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2008597. ##Kandemirli SG, Dogan L, Sarikaya ZT, Kara S, Akinci C, Kaya D, et al. Brain MRI Findings in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19 Infection. Radiology. 2020;297(1):232-235. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020201697. ##Koeller KK, Shih RY. Viral and Prion Infections of the Central Nervous System: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives. Radiographics. 2017;37(1):199-233. doi: 10.1148/rg.2017160149. ##Fanou EM, Coutinho JM, Shannon P, Kiehl TR, Levi MM, Wilcox ME, Aviv RI, et al. Critical Illness-Associated Cerebral Microbleeds.Stroke.2017;48(4):T1085-1087.doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016289##Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, et al. first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:55-58. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062. ##Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B. COVID-19-associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features. Radiology. 2020;296(2): 119-120. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020201187. ##Khodamoradi Z, Hosseini SA, Gholampoor Saadi MH, Mehrabi Z, Sasani MR, Yaghoubi S. COVID-19 meningitis without pulmonary involvement with positive cerebrospinal fluid PCR. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(12): 2668-2669. doi: 10.1111/ene.14536. PMID: 32926584.## ##

Effectiveness of Reality Therapy on Parent-Child Conflicts and Happiness in Adolescents of Ilam Province 2 2 Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of reality therapy on parent-child conflicts with father-son and happiness in male adolescents in Ilam province. Materials and Methods: This applied research was conducted by experimental method (pre and post-test control group and random assignment). The statistical population of the study consisted of all the first high school teenagers of Shahriari high school in Ilam in the 2021-2022 academic year, of which 30 individuals who were in the moderate to poor range in this questionnaire and randomly were assigned into intervention and control groups. To measure the dependent variable -the parent-child conflict- Murray Strauss scale and for the happiness variable Snider scale were used. Results: The results of this research, which was conducted with multivariate covariance analysis, showed a decrease in the post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the results of covariance analysis showed that after the test, happiness scores in the experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be said that the reality therapy program reduces parent-child conflicts and increases happiness in teenagers. Akbar Azizifar: Google Scholar, Pubmed   68 74 2021/07/222021/06/32020/11/142021/01/272022/09/302022/09/62021/10/222021/05/13 1400/2/23 2022/09/32021/10/42021/01/172021/03/12023/02/272022/11/162021/12/292021/09/23 1400/7/1 Sajad Sohrabnejad Sajad Sohrabnejad Department of Counseling, Faculty of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran sohrabnejad1989@gmail.com Akbar Azizifar Akbar Azizifar Department of English Language, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences Iran Reality therapy Parent-child conflicts Happiness Stallman HM, Ralph A. Reducing risk factors for adolescent behavioural and emotional problems: A pilot randomised controlled trial of a self-administered parenting intervention. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2007;6(2):1-13. doi:org/10.5172/jamh.6.2.125.##Sadeghian E, Moghadari Kosha M, Gorji S. The Study of Mental Health Status in High School Female Students in Hamadan City. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2010;17(3):39-45.##Muris P. Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Pers Individ Differ. 2002;32(2):337-48.doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00027- .##Klahr AM, McGue M, Iacono WG, Burt SA. The association between parent–child conflict and adolescent conduct problems over time: Results from a longitudinal adoption study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011;120(1):46. doi: 10.1037/a0021350.##A T. Effect of Life Skills Training program on parent-child conflict adolescents. Tehran: Tarbiate Moallem University; 2011.P.34-36.##Sadian F. The relationship between the structure of power in the family and marital conflict. J Educational Sci Psychol. 2003;13(6):43-6.##H A. Educational and vocational guidance compatibility. Tehran. Jihoon; 2014. P.23.##John D, MacArthur CT. Research network on socioeconomic status and health. MacArthur Foundation. 2012.P. 54.##Robinson MD, Kirkeby BS. Happiness as a belief system: Individual differences and priming in emotion judgments. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2005;31(8):1134-44. doi: 10.1177/0146167204274081.##Tavakoli N, Hasanzadeh R, Emadian S. Investigating the mediating role of information processing styles between achievement motivation and perceived academic stress in nursing students. J. Med. Educ. 2020;12(2):61-70. doi: 10.29252/rme.12.2.61.##Deb S, Bhattacharjee A. Self-esteem of depressive patients. J Ind Acad Appl Psychol. 2009;35(2):239-44.##McManus F, Waite P, Shafran R. Cognitive-behavior therapy for low self-esteem: a case example. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16(3):266-75. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.12.007.##Valizadeh R, Younesi SJ, Bahamein G, Sohrabnejad A. Effectiveness of concepts of reality therapy on parent-child conflicts father-son and self-esteem in male adolescents in Ilam province. J Basic Res Med Sci. 2015;2(3):42-8.##Peterson AV. Choice theory and reality therapy. TCa J. 2000;28(1):41-9. doi:org/10.1080/15564223.2000.12034563.##Fatemi VA, Shafiabadi A, Khalatbari J, Farhangi A. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Reality Therapy based on Choice Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Communication Skills of Female High School Students. Razavi Int J Med. 2021;9(4):81-8. doi:10.30483/rijm.2021.254219.1063. ##Loyd BD. The effects of reality therapy/choice theory principles on high school students' perception of needs satisfaction and behavioral change. Int J Real Ther. 2005;25(1).##Abbasi G, Hoseyni S. Correlation between Family Function, Self-Differentiation, and Life Satisfaction with Attitude toward Marriage of Veteran's Children. Iran J War Public Health. 2019;11(1):35-40. doi: 10.29252/ijwph.11.1.35.##Tahmassian K. The Impact of Anger Management Training on Anger Self-Regulation Skills and Parent-Adolescent Conflicts in Female Adolescents of Junior High (Guidance) Schools in Tehran. J Fam Res. 2010;6(3): 393-404.##Javanbakht M. The effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral training and group reality therapy on self-esteem of high school students. J Fundam Mental Health. 2012;14(54):80-172. doi: 10.22038/JFMH.2012.986.##Kaveh MH, Montazer M, Karimi M, Hassanzadeh J. Effects of a theory-based training program with follow-up home visits on self-management behavior, glycemic index, and quality of life among Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1559. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13959-3.##Bjørseth Å, Wichstrøm L. Effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) in the treatment of young children’s behavior problems. A randomized controlled study. PloS one. 2016;11(9):e0159845. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159845.##Laursen B, Coy KC, Collins WA. Reconsidering changes in parent-child conflict across adolescence: A meta-analysis. Interperson Develop. 2017: 171-86.##Nematzadeh A, Sary HS. Effectiveness of Group Reality Therapy in Increasing the Teachers’ Happiness. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;116:907-12. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.318.##Argyle M, Martin M, Lu L. Testing for stress and happiness: the role of social and cognitive factors. 1995.P.19.##Biabangard E. Study of the relationship between concepts of locus of control, self-esteem and educational progress of junior high school students of Tehran in school year 1990-1991. J Edu. 1992;6(8):30-4.##Louis GW. Using Glasser's choice theory to understand Vygotsky. Int J Real Ther. 2009;28(2):20.##S S. The effectiveness of reality therapy training to increase happiness and responsibility in the mothers of children with Autism disorder. Psychol Except Individ. 2017;7(27):53-77. doi: 10.22054/jpe.2018.18761.1487. ##Amel AK, Amel SK, Erfan A. Effectiveness of parents-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, obesity and self-esteem of overweight children with attention deficient hyperactivity disorder. Adv Biomed Res. 2018; 25;7:73. doi: 10.4103/abr.abr_170_17.##Epel N, Zohar AA, Artom A, Novak AM, Lev-Ari S. The effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy on children’s self-esteem. Children (Basel). 2021;8(11):958. doi:10.3390/children8110958.##Bana S, Sajedi F, Mirzaie H, Rezasoltani P. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral play therapy on self esteem of children with intellectual disability. Iran Rehabil J. 2017;15(3):235-42. doi: 10.29252/nrip.irj.15.3.235.## ##