Evaluation of the Psychological Relationship Between Personal Type D and Blood Factor Fluctuations in Patients Ready for Surgery 2 2 Introduction: Personality type D, characterized by traits such as anxiety and negative affectivity, can significantly influence individuals' mental and physical health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between personality type D and fluctuations in blood factors in patients preparing for surgery at Imam Hospital in Ilam City. Materials & Methods: The instruments used included a Type D personality questionnaire and assessments of blood factors. A total of 60 participants were selected through convenience sampling. The Chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficients were applied in the significance less than 0.01. Data analysis performed using SPSS software version 16. Results: The results indicated a significant relationship between personality type D and certain blood factors, specifically white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), neutrophils (NeU), and lymphocytes (Lym) (P < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was found between personality trait D and other blood factors (P < 0.056). Conclusion: These findings suggest that personality type D may impact patients' physiological responses to stress, reflected in changes in specific blood factors. The lack of significant correlations with other blood factors underscores the complexity of interactions between psychological states and biological responses. Addressing mental health and stress reduction prior to surgery may improve outcomes and enhance overall patient well-being. Keywords: Personality Type D, Blood Factors, Surgery, Stress 1 7 2020/09/22 1399/7/1 2020/09/22 1399/7/1 Ehsan Nazari Ehsan Nazari General Psychology PhD student, Department of Ilam, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran. Iran ehsan.ilam49@gmail.com Jahanshah Mohammadzadeh Jahanshah Mohammadzadeh Department of Psychology, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Iran j.mohamadeh@ilam.ac.ir Afra Khosravi Afra Khosravi Department of Immunology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Iran Vahid Ahmadi Vahid Ahmadi Department of Psychology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, . Ilam, Iran Iran Sattar Kikhawani Sattar Kikhawani Department of Psychology, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Iran Keywords: Personality Type D Blood Factors Surgery Stress Hashemi T, Peymannia B. The relationship between type D personality and perceived stress with health behaviors in women with breast cancer. Iran J Psychiatric Nursing. 2013; 1(4): 5.##Pedersen SS, van Domburg RT, Theuns DA, Jordaens L, Erdman RA. Type D personality is associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator and their partners. Psychosomatic Med. 2004; 66(5): 714-719. DOI: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000139611.87662.47##Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Sinha R. Childhood maltreatment, perceived stress, and stress-related coping in recently abstinent cocaine dependent adults. Psychol Addic Behav. 2007; 21(2): 233. DOI: 10.1037/0893-164X.21.2.233##Ader R, Felten DL, Cohen N. Psychoneuroimmunology. 3rd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2001. p. 100-105.##Cohen F, Kemeny MF, Kearney KA, Zegans LS, Neuhaus TM, Conant MA. President stress as a predictor of genital herpes recurrence. Arch Int Med. 1999; 159(20): 2430-2436. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.159.20.2430##Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC, Atkinson C, Malarkey WB, Glaser R. Chronic stress and age-related increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Proceed Nat Acad Sci. 2003; 100(9): 9090-9095. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1531903100##Maes M, Ombelet W, De Jongh RX, Kenis G, Bosmans E. The inflammatory response following delivery is amplified in women who previously suffered from major depression. J Affective Dis. 2001; 63(2-3): 85-92. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00156-5##Masoud NA. Relationship between D personality type and its components with general health among university students. J Behavioral Sci. 2013; 5(2): 143-149.##Aust H, Rüsch D, Schuster M, Sturm T, Brehm F, Nestoriuc Y. Coping strategies in anxious surgical patients. BMC health services research. 2016 Dec;16:1-0.##Akbary M, Mamoud AM, Aslan AN. Relationship between stress and coping styles with coronary patients: role of sex factor. J Psych Clin Psychol. 2011; 15(4): 369-401.##Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress damages the immune system and health. Discovery Med. 2005; 5(26): 165-169.##Denollet J, Conraads VM, Brutsaert DL, De Clerck LS, Stevens WJ, Vrints CJ. Cytokines and immune activation in systolic heart failure: the role of type D. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2003; 17(4): 304-306. DOI: 10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00035-9##Grand GX, Romppel M, Barch J. Association between type D personality and prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annal Behavioral Med. 2012; 43(3): 299-310. DOI: 10.1007/s12160-011-9360-1##Grand GX, Romppel M, Glaesmer H, Petrowski K, Herman-Lingen R. The Type D Scale (DS14): Norms and prevalence of type D personality in a population-based representative sample in Germany. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010; 48(2): 935-936. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.016##Howard SX, Hughes B, James J, E. Type D personality and hemodynamic reactivity to laboratory stress in women. Int J Psychophysiol. 2011; 80(4): 96-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.01.004##Kuper N, Denollet J, de Geus E, Boomsma D, Willemsen G. Heritability of type D personality. Psychosomatic Med. 2007; 69(7): 675-677. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148cda0##Denollet J. Type D personality: a potential risk factor refined. J Psychosomatic Res. 2000; 48(4): 255-266. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00073-1##Marx J. Inflammation and cancer: the link grows stronger. Sci. 2004; 306(5704): 966-968. DOI: 10.1126/science.1102547##Padge H, DAX, Marucha PT, Sheridan JF. Restraint stress slows cutaneous wound healing in mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 1998; 12(4): 64-73. DOI: 10.1006/brbi.1998.0106##Padge H, DAX, Glaser R. How stress influences the immune system. Trends Immunol. 2003; 24(8): 444-448. DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2003.06.003##Robin BS. Stress, immune function, and health: the connection. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss; 1999. p. 68-71.##Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytical study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull. 2004; 130(3): 601-630. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.601##Glaser R, Glaser JK. Stress damages the immune system and health. Disc Med. 2005; 5(26): 165-169.##hashemi T, paymannia B. The relationship between (D) type of personality, and perceived stress with health behaviors in women with breast cancer . IJPN 2014; 1 (4) :36-44## ##

Prevalence and Pattern of Anaemia Amongst Medical Students In A Tertiary Educational Institution in Southern Nigeria 2 2 Abstract Introduction: Anaemia is a major global health problem affecting all age groups in a population and affects mainly developing countries. Considering the rising burden of anaemia in our country and the paucity of literarure on anaemia among medical students in our clime, the present study was carried out to detect prevalence of anaemia in undergraduate medical students of Delta State University, Abraka and to determine the severity. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among 171 undergraduate medical students, comprisisng of 105 males and 66 females. Full blood count was processed using automated blood cell counter (Sysmex Haematology Autoanalyser model KN21). A peripheral blood smear was studied for cell morphology. Results were analysed using the Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: The prevalence of anaemia was 29.2% among the study group. Males were more affected than females (70.0% vs 30.0%). The prevalence was highest in students in their fourth year in medical school (34.0%). All students with anaemia had a mild form and were asymptomatic. There was a negative corelation with anaemia and age group, as students within the youngest age group were mostly affected. Morphologically, microcytic hypochromic and normocytic normochromic picture were dominant. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of anaemia in undergraduate medical students and regular screening excercises are required to prevent symptomatic episodes of anaemia. Keywords: Anaemia, Prevalence ,Pattern, Nigeria. 8 16 2020/09/222024/02/13 1402/11/24 2020/09/222024/09/24 1403/7/3 Ishau Muhammad Dirisu Ishau Muhammad Dirisu Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara.Nigeria. Oghara.Nigeria ishauthamme@gmail.com Efe Mobolaji Okuonghae Efe Mobolaji Okuonghae Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara.Nigeria. Oghara.Nigeria Augustine.eguvbe@delsu.edu.ng Augustine Eguvbe Augustine Eguvbe Teaching Hospital, Oghara.Nigeria. Abraka, Nigeria emokuonghae@delsu.edu.ng Keywords: Anaemia amongst Medical Students Prevalence and Pattern Nigeria. References##Ekwochi U, Osuorah DC, Ohayi SA, Nevo AC, Ndu IK, Onah SK. Determinants of academic performance in medical students: evidence from a medical school in south-east Nigeria. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2019; 10: 737-747.##Alzahrani SH, Saeedi AA, Baamer MK, Shalabi AF, Alzahrani AM. Eating Habits among Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int J Gen Med. 2020; 13:77-88.##Manjeet K, Arvinder S, Roopam B, Harkirat K. Nutritional status and anemia in medical students of SGRDIMSAR Amritsar. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy & Pharmacology 2015; 5: 35-49.##Tesema GA, Worku MG, Tessema ZT, Teshale AB, Alem AZ. Prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6-59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis. PLoS One. 2021; 16: e0249978.##Cappellini MD, Motta I. Anemia in Clinical Practice-Definition and Classification: Does Hemoglobin Change With Aging? Semin Hematol. 2015; 52(4):261-9##Sane KC, Kadam S, Kulkarni V. Correlation of nutritional status with haematological profile in undergraduate medical students. International Journal of Research and Review. 2021; 8(12): 20-27.##Waseem Shah MA, Bano R, Ahmad N. Study of Haematological profile and Body Mass Index in Undergraduate Medical Students in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Int J Health Sci Res. 2015; 5: 257-262.##Shill KB, Karmakar P, Kibria MG, Das A, Rahman MA, Hossain MS, Sattar MM. Prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia among university students in Noakhali region, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2014; 32(1): 103-110.## ##

Comparison of Cluster Differentiation 44 Expression in Oral Lichen Planus, Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2 2 Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare the expression of CD44 in OLP, OL and OSCC. Methods and Materials: This laboratory study is performed on paraffin blocks from tissue biopsies of patients with OLP, OL and OSCC available in the maxillofacial archive of pathology department of Imam Khomeini hospital, Urmia; 12 blocks of each lesion and 10 normal mucosal tissue blocks as a control group. The smears were stained by H&E and then stained by CD44 antibody kit and cut into 5-micron dimensions. 4 codes were used to evaluate the intensity of staining based on the average percentage of stained cells to total cells: staining less than five percent with a negative code, staining five to 25% code +1, staining 25% to 50 % code +2, staining 50% to 75% code +3 and for staining 75% and above code +4. Then the data was analyzed. Results: There is a significant difference between the three lesions of OLP, OL, and OSCC in the expression level of CD44 (p<0.001) and expression of this molecule in the mucosa of OSCC was higher compared to the OLP and OL. Also, the expression of CD44 in three lesions of OLP, OL, and OSCC had a statistically significant difference with oral normal mucosa (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings, this protein can probably be a suitable marker to confirm the prediction of dysplasia in oral premalignant lesions such as OLP and OL, and invasion, metastasis, prognosis and recurrence in OSCC. 17 25 2020/09/222024/02/132024/03/5 1402/12/15 2020/09/222024/09/242024/10/21 1403/7/30 Samira Mostafazadeh Samira Mostafazadeh Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran Ata Tayefeh Maleki Ata Tayefeh Maleki Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran Mohamad Ali Roozegar Mohamad Ali Roozegar Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Iran roozegarm@yahoo.com Fariba Abdal Fariba Abdal Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Iran Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Oral Lichen Planus Oral leukoplakia cd44 Venkat Naga SKS, Shekar PC, Kattappagari KK, Prakash Chandra KL, Reddy GS, Ramana Reddy BV. Expression of cluster differentiation-44 stem cell marker in grades of oral epithelial dysplasia: A preliminary study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23(2):203-7. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_308_18##Kaza S, Kantheti LP, Poosarla C, Gontu SR, Kattappagari KK, Baddam VR. A study on the expression of CD44 adhesion molecule in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with tumor histological grading. J Orofac Sci. 2018;10(1):42-9. doi: 10.4103/0973-029X.140722##Ghazi N, Saghravanian N, Taghi Shakeri M, Jamali M. Evaluation of CD44 and TGF-B Expression in Oral Carcinogenesis. J Dent (Shiraz). 2021;22(1):33-40. doi.org/10.30476/dentjods.2020.84393.1079##• 4- Saghravanian N, Anvari K, Ghazi N, Memar B, Shahsavari M, Aghaee MA. Expression of p63 and CD44 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;82:160-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.011##Zargaran M, Baghaei F, Moghimbeigi A. Comparative study of β-catenin and CD44 immunoexpression in oral lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(7):794-8. DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14007##González-Moles MÁ, Warnakulasuriya S, González-Ruiz I, González-Ruiz L, Ayén Á, Lenouvel D, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ramos-García P. Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021;27(4):813-828. doi.org/10.1111/odi.13323##Thongprasom K. Oral lichen planus: Challenge and management. Oral Dis. 2018;24(1-2):172-173. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12712##Glick M. Burket's oral medicine. PMPH USA. 2015.##Bánóczy J. Oral leukoplakia (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media. 2012.##Kumar S1, Muniyandi M2. Tobacco use and oral leukoplakia: cross-sectional study among the Gond tribe in Madhya Prades . Asian Pac J Cancer Prev . 2015;16(4):1515-8. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.4.1515.##Mustafa MB, Hassan MO, Alhussein A, Mamoun E, El Sheikh M, Suleiman AM. Oral leukoplakia in the Sudan: clinicopathological features and risk factors. Int Dent J. 2019;69(6):428-435. doi: 10.1111/idj.12509##• 12- Čēma I, Dzudzilo M, Kleina R, Franckevica I, Svirskis Š. Correlation of Soluble CD44 Expression in Saliva and CD44 Protein in Oral Leukoplakia Tissues. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(22):5739. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225739##Carrard VC, van der Waal I. A clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia; A guide for dentists. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(1):e59-e64. doi: 10.4317/medoral.22292.##Boxberg M, Götz C, Haidari S, Dorfner C, Jesinghaus M, Drecoll E, Boskov M, Wolff KD, Weichert W, Haller B, Kolk A. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44 in oral squamous cell carcinoma in relation to histomorphological parameters and clinicopathological factors. Histopathology. 2018;73(4):559-72. doi.org/10.1111/his.13496##Yamada S, Itai S, Nakamura T, Yanaka M, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Detection of high CD44 expression in oral cancers using the novel monoclonal antibody, C44Mab-5. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2018;14:64-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.03.007##Chen W, Zhou Y, Ma Z, Xie Y. Expressions of miR-590 in Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tissues and Clinical Values. J Hard Tissue Biol. 2021;30(4):363-70. doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.30.363##Rautava J, Soukka T, Inki P, Leimola-Virtanen R, Saloniemi I, Happonen RP, Heikinheimo K. CD44v6 in developing, dysplastic and malignant oral epithelia. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(4):373-9. doi: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00140-9.##Sawant S, Gokulan R, Dongre H, Vaidya M, Chaukar D, Prabhash K, Ingle A, Joshi S, Dange P, Joshi S, Singh AK, Makani V, Sharma S, Jeyaram A, Kane S, D'Cruz A. Prognostic role of Oct4, CD44 and c-Myc in radio-chemo-resistant oral cancer patients and their tumourigenic potential in immunodeficient mice. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20(1):43-56. doi: 10.1007/s00784-015-1476-6.##Abdulmajeed AA, Dalley AJ, Farah CS. Putative cancer stem cell marker expression in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013;42(10):755-60. doi: 10.1111/jop.12073##Mannelli G, Magnelli L, Deganello A, Busoni M, Meccariello G, Parrinello G, Gallo O. Detection of putative stem cell markers, CD44/CD133, in primary and lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A preliminary immunohistochemical and in vitro study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2015;40(4):312-20. doi: 10.1111/coa.12368.##• 21- Simionescu C, Mărgăritescu C, Surpăţeanu M, Mogoantă L, Zăvoi R, Ciurea R, Surlin P, Stepan A. The study of E-cadherine and CD44 immunoexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2008;49(2):189-93. PMID: 18516325##Misra S, Hascall VC, Markwald RR, Ghatak S. Interactions between hyaluronan and its receptors (CD44, RHAMM) regulate the activities of inflammation and cancer. Frontiers in immunology. 2015;6:201. doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00201## ##

Comparison of Problem-Solving Learning and Lecture Methods on the Level of Satisfaction with Teaching and Learning (Quasi-Experimental) 2 2 Introduction: Students' cognitive capacities are enhanced via the implementation of innovative pedagogical practices, which in turn motivate them to apply their reasoning abilities to solve issues more efficiently and with better quality. Therefore, the current study was conducted to compare problem-solving learning (PBL) and lecture methods on the level of satisfaction with teaching and learning. Method: This was a quasi-experimental research which done in the Ilam university of medical sciences in the 2022 by a study sample consisting of forty emergency medical associate students by convenient sampling approach and random allocation to control and intervention groups by dice-throw. The tools also included questionnaires on demographic information, satisfaction with teaching, and learning rate, which were completed before and two weeks after the end of the intervention. Descriptive and analytical tests were done in SPSS V.16 by considering alpha at the level of 0.05. Findings: The mean and standard deviation of the total age of the participants was 20.09±1.14. Before intervention, there wasn’t any significant difference in learning satisfaction and learning rate between two groups. However, after intervention, there was a significant difference in learning satisfaction and learning rate between two groups (P=0.003 and P=0.001). Conclusion: Teaching by problem-solving methods has increased the satisfaction of teaching and improved the learning rate of students. 26 33 2020/09/222024/02/132024/03/52024/04/7 1403/1/19 2020/09/222024/09/242024/10/212024/06/26 1403/4/6 Sara Mohammadnejad Sara Mohammadnejad Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran Saranursing68@yahoo.com Hamid Heidarzadeh Hamid Heidarzadeh Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran hheidarzadeh20@gmail.com Maryam Pakseresht Maryam Pakseresht Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran Paksereshtmaryam@yahoo.com Alireza Vasiee Alireza Vasiee Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran rezawest10@gmail.com Safoura Taheri Safoura Taheri Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran taheri_safura@yahoo.com Problem-solving learning Lecture Satisfaction Teaching Asarta CJ, Schmidt JR. The effects of online and blended experience on outcomes in a blended learning environment. Int & High Educ. 2020;44:100708. doi:##Serin H. A Comparison of Teacher-Centered and Student-Centered Approaches in Educational Settings. Inter J Social Sci Educ Stud. 2018;5 (1):164-7. doi: 10.23918/ijsses.v5i1p164.##Raoufi S FA, Sheikhian A. Impact of the team effectiveness design of teaching on critical thinking, self-confidence and learning of nursing students. J Med Educ Dvlp. 2014;9(2):1.##Montafej J, Lotfi A, Chalak A. The Effectiveness of Hybrid and Pure Problem-Based Learning in the Productive Skills and Critical Thinking of Iranian Undergraduate Students through MALL Application. Educ Res Inter. 2022;2022:1-11. doi: 10.1155/2022/1531210.##Davari FV, Teymouri F, Amoli HA, Mojtabavi H, Sharifi A, Alaeddini F, et al. Problem-based learning as an effective method for teaching theoretical surgery courses to medical students. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10:477. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_266_21.##Soleymani S, Aliabadi K, Zaraii Zavaraki I, Delavar A. The Effect of Flipped Learning Pattern (FLP) in Terms of Problem-Based Teaching Approach (PBTA) on Applicants’ Self-Directed Learning (SDL) Towards the English Courses. JFLTTS. 2021;6(2):87-116. doi: 10.22034/efl.2021.284762.1096.##Hendrickson P. Effect of Active Learning Techniques on Student Excitement, Interest, and Self-Efficacy. J Politic Sci Educ. 2019;17:1-15. doi: 10.1080/15512169.2019.1629946.##Wang M, Derry S, Ge X. Guest editorial: Fostering deep learning in problem-solving contexts with the support of technology. J Educ Tech Soc. 2017;20(4):162-5. doi: 10.1007/s11263-015-0813-1.##Lukitasari M, Purnamasari, I., Utami, S. & Sukri, A. Blended-Problem-Based Learning: How its impact on students' critical thinking skills? JPBI. 2019; 5(3):425-34. doi: doi:##Gentry SV, Gauthier A, L’Estrade Ehrstrom B, Wortley D, Lilienthal A, Tudor Car L, et al. Serious gaming and gamification education in health professions: systematic review. J Med Internet R. 2019;21(3):e12994. doi: 10.2196/12994.##Karami M, Hashemi N, van Merrienboer J. Medical educators' beliefs about learning goals, teaching, and assessment in the context of curriculum changes: a qualitative study conducted at an Iranian medical school. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21(1):446. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02878-3.##Cheok ML, Wong SL. Predictors of e-learning satisfaction in teaching and learning for school teachers: A literature review. Int J Instr. 2015;8(1):75-90. doi: 10.12973/iji.2015.816a.##Olanike S A, Asogwa CN, Njideka M O, RE ED, Temiloluwa O S. A Comparison of Perceptions of Assessment Practices in Higher Institutions between Academic Staff and Students: A Case Study of Federal College of Education, Yola. Inter J Social Sci Educ Stud. 2023;10(3). doi: 10.1080/02602930500099102.##Haghighat H, Shiri M, Esmaeili Abdar M, Taher Harikandee SS, Tayebi Z. The effect of micro-learning on trauma care knowledge and learning satisfaction in nursing students. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):622. doi: 10.1186/s12909-023-04609-2.##Murad MK, Larsen S, Husum H. Prehospital trauma care reduces mortality. Ten-year results from a time-cohort and trauma audit study in Iraq. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20(1):1-10. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-20-13.##Lin K-M. e-Learning continuance intention: Moderating effects of user e-learning experience. J Computers Educ. 2011;56(2):515-26. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.09.017.##Acquandoh E, Zunurain Z, Kwakye DO, Adornyo S. Effects of teaching students through problem-solving on students’ academic performance in problem-solving. J Gntg. 2022;7(2):121-7. doi: 10.31629/jg.v7i2.5314.##McInerney N, Nally D, Khan M, Heneghan H, Cahill R. Performance effects of simulation training for medical students–a systematic review. GMS J Med Educ. 2022;39(5). doi: 10.3205/zma001572.##Ssemugenyi F. Teaching and learning methods compared: A pedagogical evaluation of problem-based learning (PBL) and lecture methods in developing learners’ cognitive abilities. J Cogent Education. 2023;10(1):2187943. doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2023.2187943.##Falahan SN, Habibi E, Kamyari N, Yousofvand V. Impact of virtual problem-based learning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on fourth-year nursing students’ satisfaction and performance: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Medical Education. 2024;24(1):425. doi: 10.1186/s12909-024-05375-5.##Husebø AML, Storm M, Våga BB, Rosenberg A, Akerjordet K. Status of knowledge on student‐learning environments in nursing homes: A mixed‐method systematic review. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(7-8):e1344-e59. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14299.##Hoque KE, Wang X, Qi Y, Norzan N. The factors associated with teachers’ job satisfaction and their impacts on students’ achievement: a review (2010–2021). Human Soc Sci Comm J. 2023;10(1):1-7. doi: 10.1057/s41599-023-01645-7.##Doménech-Betoret F, Gómez-Artiga A, Abellán-Roselló L. The educational situation quality model: a new tool to explain and improve academic achievement and course satisfaction. Front Psychol. 2019;10:473959. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01692.##Koohpayeh SA, Vasli P, Rohani C, Nasiri M. Comparison of the effects of applying problem-based learning and lecture-based learning on menstrual hygiene behaviors and food habits of adolescent girls in Iran. Inter J Health Prom and Educ. 2022:1-17. doi: 10.1080/14635240.2022.2075427.##Klein K, Calabrese J, Aguiar A, Mathew S, Ajani K, Almajid R, et al. Evaluating Active Lecture and Traditional Lecture in Higher Education. J Empoweri Tech Excell. 2023;7(2):6. doi: 10.26077/ba42-a5cc.##Zhao W, He L, Deng W, Zhu J, Su A, Zhang Y. The effectiveness of the combined problem-based learning (PBL) and case-based learning (CBL) teaching method in the clinical practical teaching of thyroid disease. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):381. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02306-y.## ##

Effectiveness of Cognitive Self-Compassion Training on Perceived Stress and Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 2 2 Introduction: Due to the chronic nature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its potential to induce stress and depression, exploring interventions like cognitive self-compassion training to improve mental well-being in this population is crucial. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion training on perceived stress and depression in patients with T2D. Materials & Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all patients with T2D employed in the education sector of Mashhad in 2023. Thus, a sample of 24 (12 per group) was selected using the convenience sampling method and considering the study's inclusion criteria, and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The participants completed the Perceived Stress and Depression Beck questionnaires in the pretest and posttest stages, and the experimental group underwent cognitive self-compassion training for ten 90-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The findings revealed a significant reduction in both perceived stress and depression scores in the posttest stage for the group receiving cognitive self-compassion training compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study provides evidence that cognitive self-compassion training can be an effective intervention for managing mental health in patients with T2D. These results suggest that cognitive self-compassion training may be a valuable tool for improving psychological well-being and potentially enhancing this population's overall quality of life. 34 42 2020/09/222024/02/132024/03/52024/04/72024/05/2 1403/2/13 2020/09/222024/09/242024/10/212024/06/262024/06/22 1403/4/2 Mahrokh Javaherforooshzadeh Mahrokh Javaherforooshzadeh Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran mahdiehnda@gmail.com Parvin Ehteshamzadeh Parvin Ehteshamzadeh Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran ehteshamzadehp@gmail.com Farzaneh Hooman Farzaneh Hooman Department of Psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Iran n.psyhoman@gmail.com Saeed Bakhtiarpour Saeed Bakhtiarpour Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran bakhtiyarpours@gmail.com Self-compassion Perceived stress Depression Diabetes mellitus Verde L, Di Lorenzo T, Savastano S, Colao A, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G. Chrononutrition in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: A narrative review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024;40(2):e3778. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3778.##Gholaman M, Gholami M, Azarbayjani MA, Abed Natanzi H. The effect of high intensity interval training and moderate intensity continuous training on the levels of cardiotrophin-1and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Ilam-University-of-Medical-Sciences. 2021;8(1):67-75. doi: 10.7759/cureus.35771##Ali J, Haider SMS, Ali SM, Haider T, Anwar A, Hashmi AA. Overall Clinical Features of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Respect to Gender. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e35771. doi: 10.7759/cureus.35771.##Son J, Accili D. Reversing pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2023;55(8):1652-8. doi:10.1038/s12276-023-01043-8.##Antar SA, Ashour NA, Sharaky M, Khattab M, Ashour NA, Zaid RT, et al. Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;168:115734. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115734.##Buchmann M, Tuncer O, Auzanneau M, Eckert AJ, Rosenbauer J, Reitzle L, et al. Incidence, prevalence and care of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in Germany: Time trends and regional socioeconomic situation. J Health Monit. 2023;8(2):57-78.##Hilliard ME, Yi-Frazier JP, Hessler D, Butler AM, Anderson BJ, Jaser S. Stress and A1c Among People with Diabetes Across the Lifespan. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(8):67. doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0761-3.##Shohani F, Mihandoost Z, Mami S. The effect of assertiveness and stress management training on self-regulation and resilience building among adolescent female students. Ilam-University-of-Medical-Sciences. 2022;9(2):43-51.##Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, et al. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17). doi:10.3390/ijms21176275.##Adu MD, Malabu UH, Malau-Aduli AEO, Malau-Aduli BS. Enablers and barriers to effective diabetes self-management: A multi-national investigation. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0217771. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217771.##Ghanbari Afra L, Zaheri A. Comparison of depression in diabetic patients with and without foot wound. Ilam-University-of-Medical-Sciences. 2016;3(4):22-7. doi:10.18869/acadpub.jbrms.3.4.22.##Barker MM, Davies MJ, Zaccardi F, Brady EM, Hall AP, Henson JJ, et al. Age at Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes and Depressive Symptoms, Diabetes-Specific Distress, and Self-Compassion. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(3):579-86. doi:10.2337/dc22-1237.##Mehdi S, Wani SUD, Krishna KL, Kinattingal N, Roohi TF. A review on linking stress, depression, and insulin resistance via low-grade chronic inflammation. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2023;36:101571. doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101571.##Wilson JB, Epstein M, Lopez B, Brown AK, Lutfy K, Friedman TC. The role of Neurochemicals, Stress Hormones and Immune System in the Positive Feedback Loops between Diabetes, Obesity and Depression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1224612. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1224612.##Maj M, Stein DJ, Parker G, Zimmerman M, Fava GA, De Hert M, et al. The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(3):269-93. doi:10.1002/wps.20771.##Jenkinson E, Knoop I, Hudson JL, Moss-Morris R, Hackett RA. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and third-wave cognitive behavioural interventions on diabetes-related distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2022;39(11):e14948. doi:10.1111/dme.14948.##Resurrección DM, Navas-Campaña D, Gutiérrez-Colosía MR, Ibáñez-Alfonso JA, Ruiz-Aranda D. Psychotherapeutic Interventions to Improve Psychological Adjustment in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10940. doi:10.3390/ijerph182010940.##Frostadottir AD, Dorjee D. Effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on Symptom Change, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Rumination in Clients with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01099.##Farhadi M, Rahimi H, Zoghi Paydar MR, Yarmohamadi Vasel M. The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion-Focused Therapy on Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. Iran J Psychiatry. 2023;18(2):134-144. doi:10.18502/ijps.v18i2.12364.##Mehran F, Haniyeh R, Mohammad Reza Zoghi P, Mosayeb Yarmohamadi V. The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion-Focused Therapy on Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 2023;18(2).##Clarke EN, Norman P, Thompson AR. Online compassion-based self-help for depression in people with skin conditions: a feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2024;10(1):63. doi:10.1186/s40814-024-01486-4.##Khalaj F, Dolatshahi B, Bagheri F. Effects of Compassion-focused Therapy on Psychological Wellbeing, Life Expectancy, and Psychological Flexibility in Individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2020;8(4):317-24. doi:10.32598/jpcp.8.4.726.1.##Sadeghi M, Shafiei M, Mobasher A. The effect of Cognitive self-Compassion Focused Therapy on cognitive Flexibility, Meaning in life In people who have gone mine. Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2018;10(2):61-7. doi:10.29252/ijwph.10.2.61.##Al-Refae M, Al-Refae A, Munroe M, Sardella NA, Ferrari M. A Self-Compassion and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Mobile Intervention (Serene) for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: Promoting Adaptive Emotional Regulation and Wisdom. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648087.##Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-396. doi:10.2307/2136404.##Khalili R, Sirati Nir M, Ebadi A, Tavallai A, Habibi M. Validity and reliability of the Cohen 10-item Perceived Stress Scale in patients with chronic headache: Persian version. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;26:136-140. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.010. PubMed PMID: 28483077. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.010.##Beck A, Steer R, Brown G. Beck Depression Inventory. Second ed San Antonio, TX, E.U.: Psychological Corporation; 1996. doi:10.1037/t00742-000.##Gilbert P, Irons C. Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. New York, NY, US: Routledge; 2005. p. 263-325.##Sheikholeslami A, Mohammadi N. The Effect of Cognitive Self-Compassion on Mental Health (Somatization, Anxiety, Social Dysfunction, Depression) of Woman Headed Households. Journal of Counseling Research. 2019;18(70):83-104. doi:10.29252/jcr.18.70.83.##Han A, Kim TH. Effects of Self-Compassion Interventions on Reducing Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, and Stress: A Meta-Analysis. Mindfulness (N Y). 2023 Jun 5:1-29. doi: 10.1007/s12671-023-02148-x.## ##

Effect of Nonpharmacological Intervention Sweet-Tasting Solution on Pain in Term Infants Who Receive Vaccination 2 2 introduction: Infant immunisation by intramuscular injection is a painfull procedure for infants. The goal of this study was determine effectiveness of oral sucrose on pain severity in term newborns undergoing vaccination. Materials and methods: In this randomized controlled trial 90 term newborns undergoing hepatitis B vaccine injection which performed in Shahid Mustafa Hospital in Ilam, were selected and randomly assigned into three groups: intervention, control and placebo. Then 2 minutes before vaccine injection 2ML 25% sucrose or water for injection was instilled into mouth of infants in intervention or placebo groups, respectively. The newborns of control group didn't take anything and pain intensity measured by Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) during 1-2 min. The collected data were analysed by SPSS18 Software. Results: According to the results, there was no significant difference between groups in term of Apgar score, delivery type, sex, head circumstance, weight and height. Comparison of pain severity in two groups, mean and Standard deviation of pain, group that received Sucrose solution had low intensity than sterile water group (3 ± 1.66 vs. 4.05 ± 1.23), but this difference was not significant statistically (p=0.78). Comparison of pain intensity in control and intervention groups showed that the pain intensity in control group is higher than intervention and placebo groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Sweet solution of sucrose can be used as a simple and safe non pharmacological method to reduce the pain following immunization in newborn. 43 48 2020/09/222024/02/132024/03/52024/04/72024/05/22024/05/13 1403/2/24 2020/09/222024/09/242024/10/212024/06/262024/06/222024/10/12 1403/7/21 Hamid Taghinejad Hamid Taghinejad Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran taghinejad-h@medilam.ac.ir Zainab Suhrabi Zainab Suhrabi Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Iran suhrabi2007@yahoo.com Sucrose newborn pain NIPS Chawda M, Malini G, Saha S, Chawda S, Jha G, Wanare A, et al. Comparison of Pain of Two Injection Techniques. Amric J Pediatr. 2019;5:133-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20190503.19.##Gray L, Garza E, Zageris D, Heilman KJ, Porges SW. Sucrose and warmth for analgesia in healthy newborns: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):e607-14. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1073.##Campbell-Yeo M, Johnston CC, Benoit B, Disher T, Caddell K, Vincer M, et al. Sustained efficacy of kangaroo care for repeated painful procedures over neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2019;160(11):2580-8. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001646.##Sarvepalli S, Palle S, Polanki R, Tabasum U, Subrahmanyam GV. Oral sucrose solution as a pre-immunization analgesic: A randomized controlled study. Intr J of hlth Sci. 2022. doi: 10.53730/ijhs.v6nS1.8262.##Asadian A, Shirinzadeh-Feizabadi A, Amiri-Shadmehri E, Yaghoobi H. The effects of breast milk odor on the physiological and behavioral responses caused by venipuncture pain in term infants: A clinical trial study. J Educ Hlth Promot. 2023;12:253. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1_23.##Taghinejad H, Delpisheh A, Suhrabi Z. Comparison between massage and music therapies to relieve the severity of labor pain. Wmn Hlth. 2010;6(3):377-81. doi: 10.2217/whe.10.15.##Suhrabi Z, Taghinejad H. Effect of acupressure (UB32) on pain intensity in intramuscular injections. IR J Nurs Midwif Res. 2014;19(1):24-7.##De Bernardo G, Riccitelli M, Sordino D, Giordano M, Piccolo S, Buonocore G, et al. Oral 24% sucrose associated with nonnutritive sucking for pain control in healthy term newborns receiving venipuncture beyond the first week of life. J Pain Res. 2019;12:299-305. doi: 10.2147/jpr.s184504.##Yin HC, Cheng SW, Yang CY, Chiu YW, Weng YH. Comparative Survey of Holding Positions for Reducing Vaccination Pain in Young Infants. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:3273171. doi: 10.1155/2017/3273171.##Gajbhiye M, Rao S, Singh H. Comparative Study between Analgesic Effect of Breast Feeding and Oral Sucrose in Full Term Newborns. J Cli Dignstc Res. 2018;12. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2018/37721.12331.##Kumar P, Sharma R, Rathour S, Karol S, Karol M. Effectiveness of various nonpharmacological analgesic methods in newborns. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(1):25-9. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2017.05841.##Mangat AK, Oei JL, Chen K, Quah-Smith I, Schmölzer GM. A Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Pain Management in Newborn Infants. Children. 2018;5(10). doi: 10.3390/children5100130.##Yilmaz G, Caylan N, Oguz M, Karacan CD. Oral sucrose administration to reduce pain response during immunization in 16-19-month infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(11):1527-32. doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2358-7.##Taddio A, Shah V, Hancock R, Smith RW, Stephens D, Atenafu E, et al. Effectiveness of sucrose analgesia in newborns undergoing painful medical procedures. Cmaj. 2008;179(1):37-43. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.071734.##Yarahmadi S, Pouralizadeh M, Atrkarroushan Z, Shahroudi P. The effect of the simulated intrauterine sound on behavioral and physiological indices of pain during capillary blood sampling for screening preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial study. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s12887-024-04604-6.##Harrison D. Oral sucrose for pain management in infants: Myths and misconceptions. J Neonat Nurs. 2008;14. doi: 10.1016/j.jnn.2007.12.002.##Kassab M, Almomani B, Nuseir K, Alhouary AA. Efficacy of Sucrose in Reducing Pain during Immunization among 10- to 18-Month-Old Infants and Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pediatr Nurs. 2020;50:e55-e61. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.11.010.##K. S, P. R, K. A, B. H. Comparison of analgesic effect of 24% sucrose and breast milk in healthy infants less than 2 months of age. Int J contemp pediatr. 2016;3(4). doi: 10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20163681.##Imani A, Moradi F. Comparison of the Effects of Oral Sucrose 30% and 50% on the Pain of Injection of Hepatitis B Vaccine in Newborns. Zhd J Res Med Sci. 2020;22(1):e91557. doi: 10.5812/zjrms.91557.##Bellieni C, Buonocore G. Non Pharmacological Analgesia for Newborns. Curr Peditrc Rviws. 2005;1:235-42. doi: 10.2174/157339605774574971.##Curtis SJ, Jou H, Ali S, Vandermeer B, Klassen T. A randomized controlled trial of sucrose and/or pacifier as analgesia for infants receiving venipuncture in a pediatric emergency department. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7:27. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-7-27.##Okan F, Coban A, Ince Z, Yapici Z, Can G. Analgesia in preterm newborns: the comparative effects of sucrose and glucose. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166(10):1017-24. doi: 10.1007/s00431-006-0373-z.##Shah V, Taddio A, McMurtry CM, Halperin SA, Noel M, Pillai Riddell R, et al. Pharmacological and Combined Interventions to Reduce Vaccine Injection Pain in Children and Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Pain. 2015;31(10 Suppl):S38-63. doi: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000281.##Ahuja VK, Daga SR, Gosavi DV, Date AM. Non-sucrose sweetener for pain relief in sick newborns. India J Pediatr. 2000;67(7):487-9. doi: 10.1007/bf02760473.##Slater R, Cornelissen L, Fabrizi L, Patten D, Yoxen J, Worley A, et al. Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9748):1225-32. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61303-7.##Slater R, Fabrizi L, Worley A, Meek J, Boyd S, Fitzgerald M. Premature infants display increased noxious-evoked neuronal activity in the brain compared to healthy age-matched term-born infants. Neur Img. 2010;52(2):583-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.253.##Bueno M, Yamada J, Harrison D, Khan S, Ohlsson A, Adams-Webber T, et al. A systematic review and meta-analyses of nonsucrose sweet solutions for pain relief in neonates. Pain Res Manag. 2013;18(3):153-61. doi: 10.1155/2013/956549.## ##

Muscular Hydatidosis: A Rare Circumstance (Case Report) 2 2 Background: Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larvae of the genus Echinococcus. Hydatidosis commonly affect the liver and lungs, but can occur in any part of the body, including rare sites like musculoskeletal tissue. Case Report: We reported a case of a 42-year-old male nurse with a painless mass in the anterior region of his right thigh that developed between 2009 and 2023. No history of trauma, lesions, walking difficulties, or impact on daily activities were observed. He lives in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran, and was admitted to Abolfazl Hospital in Kashmar. The preoperative diagnosis was lipoma. Blood tests were normal. Both sonography and magnetic resonance imaging detected multiple cysts measuring (140*45 mm) and (144*51*32 mm), respectively. Imaging exams showed the size, shape, and location of the cyst. Hydatid cyst was diagnosed after surgery. Histopathological examination confirmed a Hydatid cyst diagnosis. Conclusion: Hydatid cysts in muscles could occur rarely in muscle (0.5-2.5%). Thus, it's important to consider Hydatidosis in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses in low-prevalence areas. 49 54 2020/09/222024/02/132024/03/52024/04/72024/05/22024/05/132024/06/9 1403/3/20 2020/09/222024/09/242024/10/212024/06/262024/06/222024/10/122024/07/24 1403/5/3 Amir Hossein Kasaian Naini Amir Hossein Kasaian Naini Orthopedic Surgeon Specialist, Department of Orthopedics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran dr.kassaeian@gmail.com Sina Salat Sina Salat Kashmar School of Medical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran Sinasalati97@gmail.com Parastoo Tajzadeh Parastoo Tajzadeh Kashmar School of Medical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran Siavash Nickfarjam Siavash Nickfarjam General Surgeon Specialist, Department of General Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Golnaz Khodadadian Golnaz Khodadadian Bachelor of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohsen Arefnezhad Mohsen Arefnezhad Kashmar School of Medical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran Hydatidosis Skeletal muscle Case report iran surgery Ennaceur F, Toumi D, Jaouad F, Mabrouk A, Hajji A, Gara M, et al. Primary Echinococcus Hydatid Cyst of the Uterus: An Unusual Location. Case Rep Surg 2021; 21 May 2021##Vaisi-Raygani A, Mohammadi M, Jalali R, Salari N, and Hosseinian-Far M. Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:429. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06127-2##Tekin R, Avci A, Tekin R C, Gem M, and Cevik R. Hydatid cysts in muscles: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of this atypical presentation. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015 Sep-Oct;48(5):594-8. DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0197-2015##Fakhri N, Nazari N, and Nayeri T. Examining the Prevalence of Hydatid Cyst in Patients Referred to Imam Reza, Imam Hossein, and Bisotoon Hospitals in Kermanshah City, Iran, During 2014-2018. J Arak Univ Med Sci 2022; 25:134–141. DOI: 10.32598/jams.25.1.6719.1##Smego RA, Bhatti Jr S, Khaliq AA, Beg MA. Percutaneous Aspiration-Injection-Reaspiration Drainage Plus Albendazole or Mebendazole for Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis: A Meta-analysis . Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 37, Issue 8, 15 October 2003, Pages 1073–1083,##Echinococcosis. Health and economic burden.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/echinococcosis.##Vlok M, Buckley HR, Domett K, Willis A, Tromp M, Trinh HH, et al. Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis granulosis) diagnosis from skeletal osteolytic lesions in an early seventh-millennium BP forager community from preagricultural northern Vietnam. Am J Biol Anthropol 2022; 177:100–115. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24435##Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Eskandarisani M, Rastegarian M, and Sarkari B. Uncommon Locations of Cystic Echinococcosis: A Report of 46 Cases from Southern Iran. Surg Res Pract 2020; 2020:1–6. DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02327-w##Alshoabi SA, Alkalady AH, Almas KM, Magram AO, Algaberi AK, Alareqi AA, et al. Hydatid Disease: A Radiological Pictorial Review of a Great Neoplasms Mimicker. Diagnostics 2023; 13. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061127##Christodoulidis G, Samara AA, Diamantis A, Floros T, Sgantzou IK, Karakantas KS, et al. Reaching the challenging diagnosis of complicated liver hydatid disease: A single institution’s experience from an endemic area. Med 2021; 57.##Agholi M, Heidarian HR, Montaseri Z, and Khajeh F. Muscular hydatid cyst in Iran: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 103. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107867##Aliabady ZA, Berenji F, and Jamshidi MR. A case report of muscle hydatidosis from Iran. Iran J Parasitol 2015; 10:132–135. PMCID: PMC4403533. Available at: http://ijpa.tums.ac.ir.##Kelzang S, Dorji T, and Tenzin T. Clinical profile and outcome of surgery of patients with hydatid cysts at the national referral hospital, bhutan: An observational study. Kathmandu Univ Med J 2019; 17:166–169. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33305741##Fadel SA, Asmar K, Faraj W, Khalife M, Haddad M, and El-Merhi F. Clinical review of liver hydatid disease and its unusual presentations in developing countries. Abdom Radiol 2019; 44:1331–1339. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1794-7##Kumar K, Mathew JL, Vaidya PC, Bal A, Gupta N, Singhal KK, et al. Flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage for confirmation of pulmonary hydatid disease in children: A case series. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67. DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa099##Milosavljevic V, Veselinovic M, Tadic B, Galun D, Ceranic M, Eric D, et al. Laparoscopic management of initially unrecognized splenic hydatid cysts: A case report and review of the literature. Med 2019; 55. DOI: 10.3390/medicina55120771##Hailu SS, Gebremariam M, Nigussie T, Girma K, Misgea A, and Arega G. Isolated renal hydatid cyst in a ten-year-old female child: A rare case report. Urol Case Reports 2023; 102482. DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2023.102482##Din NU, Raza M, Rahim S, Memon W, and Ahmad Z. Hydatid disease of central nervous system, a clinicopathological study of 33 cases. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2023; 14:293–297. DOI: 10.25259/JNRP_51_2022##Dong Z, Yusup M, Lu Y, and Tang B. Hydatid cyst of the heart as a rare cause of arrhythmia: A case report and review of published reports. Hear Case Reports 2022; 8:458–462. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2022.04.004##Abulaiti Y, Kadi A, Tayier B, Tuergan T, Shalayiadang P, Abulizi A, et al. Primary pelvic Echinococcus granulosus infection: A case report . World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4084–4089. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i17.4084##Mohammed AA and Arif SH. Hydatid cyst of the ovary – a very rare type of cystic ovarian lesion: A case report. Case Reports Women’s Heal 2021; 31. DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2021.e00330##Manenti G, Censi M, Pizzicannella G, Pucci N, Pitocchi F, Calcagni A, et al. Vertebral hydatid cyst infection. A case report. Radiol Case Reports 2020; 15:523–527. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.01.029##Jajal V, Nag H, and K S. A Pancreatic Hydatid Cysts Causing Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis Mimicking a Pancreatic Pseudocyst: A Case Report. Cureus 2023. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36402##Bayrak Mehmet and Altıntas Yasemin. Current approaches in the surgical treatment of liver hydatid disease: single center experience. BMC Surg 2019; 19:1–10. DOI: 10.1186/s12893-019-0553-1##Sultana N, Hashim TK, Jan SY, khan Z, Malik T, and Shah W. Primary cervical hydatid cyst: A rare occurrence. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7.##Khamesipour F, Shojaat S, Basirpour B, Kheiri P, Afzal S, Chelgerdi B, et al. Infection status of hydatid cysts in Iran: A review. Infect Dis Herb Med 2021; 2.##Tavakoli Darestani, R., Kazemian, G., Afzal, S. et al. Primary seronegative intermuscular hydatidosis in a child, an infection that should be approached like a tumor: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Reports 18, 141 (2024).## ##

Hospital Consequences of COVID-19 Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Patients Among the Iranian Adult Population 2 2 Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging respiratory infectious disease caused by a strain of the coronavirus family. Vaccination is one of the main ways to control this disease. This study was conducted to investigate the severity of pulmonary involvement and some clinical outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods This retrospective study was conducted between December 2021 and May 2022 with 200 patients in two groups. Sampling was done as available, and patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital were examined. Mann-Whitney u and Chi-square test were used for analysis. Results The average age of the studied patients was 59.2 (±17) years, the most common pattern of lung involvement in this study was the GGO pattern. According to the report in the documents, 45 people in the vaccinated group and nine people in the unvaccinated group did not have any lung involvement in CT and the observed difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). In terms of oxygen saturation percentage, the lowest level (75%) was observed in the unvaccinated group, also the difference in average hospitalization days between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Conclusion The results of this study showed that the COVID-19 vaccine can effectively reduce the extent and severity of lung involvement and the need for supplemental oxygen in vaccinated patients. To reduce complications from COVID-19, healthcare workers should continue to promote vaccination at recommended doses for all eligible individuals, as it is effective in controlling serious clinical outcomes. 55 61 2020/09/222024/02/132024/03/52024/04/72024/05/22024/05/132024/06/92024/09/19 1403/6/29 2020/09/222024/09/242024/10/212024/06/262024/06/222024/10/122024/07/242024/11/6 1403/8/16 Fatemeh Mollarahimi-Maleki Fatemeh Mollarahimi-Maleki Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Spiritual Health Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Iran fmollarahimi@gmail.com Mohammad Shahidi Mohammad Shahidi Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Iran drmohammadshahidi@gmail.com COVID-19 vaccinated unvaccinated outcome hospital consequences References##Madhu P, Santhosh D, Kiran M. Comparison study of lung involvement in vaccinated and un vaccinated Covid patients. 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