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:: Volume 11, Issue 1 (1-2024) ::
2024, 11(1): 9-21 Back to browse issues page
The Effect of Eight Weeks Functional Exercise Training and Low Carbohydrate Diet on The Levels of Adiponectin, CRP and Lipid Profile in Overweight Women
Mahsa Shapouri , Mandana Gholami , Farshad Ghazalian
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran , m.gholami@srbiau.ac.ir
Abstract:   (284 Views)
Introduction: Exercise training and a low-carbohydrate diet have shown favorable effects on inflammatory cytokines. This study examines the combined impact of an eight-week functional exercise training program and a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet on adiponectin, CRP, and lipid profiles in overweight women.
Material & Methods: Forty-eight overweight women, aged 25-35, were randomly selected for the intervention and allocated into control (n=12), LC diet (n=12), training (n=12), and training+ LC diet (n=12) groups. Functional training, conducted three times weekly for eight weeks at 50-80 percent of maximum heart rate, was paired with an LC diet restricting carbohydrate intake to 50g/d. Blood samples collected before and 48 hours after the final session were analyzed for adiponectin and CRP levels using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests.
Results: Adiponectin levels did not significantly change following the eight-week interventions (p=0.135). However, CRP levels significantly decreased in the LC diet group compared to the control group (p=0.003). Cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in all experimental groups compared to the control group (p<0.05), while HDL levels significantly increased in the LC diet (p=0.009) and training+ LC diet (p=0.001) groups compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The study underscores the positive impact of LC diet and functional training, either alone or in combination, on improving lipid profiles. However, there seems to be no synergistic effect of LC diet with functional training on changing CRP and adiponectin levels.
Keywords: Exercise Therapy, Adiponectin, C Reactive Protein, Overweight
Full-Text [PDF 327 kb]   (74 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Physiology
Received: 2023/07/14 | Accepted: 2023/09/9 | Published: 2023/12/28
References
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15. Jonasson L, Guldbrand H, Lundberg AK, Nystrom FH. Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet. Ann Med. 2014; 46(3):182-7. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2014.894286.
16. Perissiou M, Borkoles E, Kobayashi K, Polman R. The effect of an 8 week prescribed exercise and low-carbohydrate diet on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese individuals: a randomised controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):482. doi: 10.3390/nu12020482.
17. Giné-Garriga M, Guerra M, Unnithan VB. The effect of functional circuit training on self-reported fear of falling and health status in a group of physically frail older individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013; 25(3):329-36. doi: 10.1007/s40520-013-0048-3.
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19. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Ya, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S, et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med. 2002;8(11):1288-95. doi: 10.1038/nm788.
20. Kim JY, Barua S, Jeong YJ, Lee JE. Adiponectin: The potential regulator and therapeutic target of obesity and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(17):6419. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176419.
21. Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int J Med Sci. 2006; 4(1):19-27. doi: 10.7150/ijms.4.19.
22. Van Berendoncks AM, Beckers P, Hoymans VY, Possemiers N, Wuyts FL, Vrints CJ, et al. Exercise training reduces circulating adiponectin levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Sci. 2010; 118(4):281-9. doi: 10.1042/CS20090213.
23. Park T-G, Hong H-R, Lee J, Kang H-S. Lifestyle plus exercise intervention improves metabolic syndrome markers without change in adiponectin in obese girls. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007; 51(3):197-203. doi: 10.1159/000104137.
24. Ando D, Hosaka Y, Suzuki K, Yamagata Z. Effects of exercise training on circulating high molecular weight adiponectin and adiponectin oligomer composition: a randomized controlled trial. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2009; 16(6):733-9. doi: 10.5551/jat.2089.
25. Guo W, Kawano H, Piao L, Itoh N, Node K, Sato T. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipid profiles and high molecular weight adiponectin in Japanese workers. Intern Med. 2011; 50(5):389-95. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4380.
26. Ahmadizad S, Haghighi AH, Hamedinia MR. Effects of resistance versus endurance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007; 157(5):625-31. doi: 10.1530/EJE-07-0223.
27. Fatouros I, Tournis S, Leontsini D, Jamurtas A, Sxina M, Thomakos P, et al. Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and detraining are intensity related. Th J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(11):5970-7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0261.
28. Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(1):31-9. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.1.31.
29. Libardi CA, De Souza GV, Cavaglieri CR, Madruga VA, Chacon-Mikahil M. Effect of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training on TNF-a, IL-6, and CRP. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(5):50-6. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318229d2e9.
30. Okita K, Nishijima H, Murakami T, Nagai T, Morita N, Yonezawa K, et al. Can exercise training with weight loss lower serum C-reactive protein levels? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24(10):1868-73. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000140199.14930.32.
31. Bastard J-P, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85(9):3338-42. doi: 10.1210/jcem.85.9.6839.
32. Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005; 98(4):1154-62. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004.
33. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011; 11(9):607-15. doi: 10.1038/nri3041.
34. Flynn MG, McFarlin BK, Markofski MM. State of the art reviews: The anti-inflammatory actions of exercise training. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2007; 1(3):220-35. doi: 10.1177/1559827607300283.
35. Morshedzadeh N, Ahmadi AR, Tahmasebi R, Tavasolian R, Heshmati J, Rahimlou M. Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis in adult. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2022: 21(1):979-990. doi: 10.1007/s40200-021-00952-7.
36. Shemirani F, Golzarand M, Salari-Moghaddam A, Mahmoudi M. Effect of low-carbohydrate diet on adiponectin level in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022; 62(14):3969-78. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1871588.
37. Youssef M. The effect of dietary intervention by low carbohydrate diet, and low fat diet, on weight loss, leptin and adiponectin. Life Sci J. 2015;12:33-42. doi: 10.7537/marslsj120415.05.
38. Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Wittert GA, Keogh JB, Foster P, Clifton PM. Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(4):762-72. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.762.
39. Sharman MJ, Volek JS. Weight loss leads to reductions in inflammatory biomarkers after a very-low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet in overweight men. Clin Sci. 2004; 107(4):365-9. doi: 10.1042/CS20040111.
40. Møller N. Ketone body, 3-hydroxybutyrate: minor metabolite-major medical manifestations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 105(9):2884-92. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa370.
41. Cipryan L, Dostal T, Plews DJ, Hofmann P, Laursen PB. Adiponectin/leptin ratio increases after a 12-week very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, and exercise training in healthy individuals: A non-randomized, parallel design study. Nutr Res. 2021;87:22-30. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.012.
42. Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, Buetler T, Clement K, Cunningham K, et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br J Nutr. 2011; 106(S3):S1-S78. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511005460.
43. Rodríguez-Hernández H, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Ramírez G, Reyes-Romero MA. Obesity and inflammation: epidemiology, risk factors, and markers of inflammation. Int J Endocrinol. 2013; 678159. doi: 10.1155/2013/678159.
44. Aguilar-Valles A, Inoue W, Rummel C, Luheshi GN. Obesity, adipokines and neuroinflammation. Neuropharmacology. 2015; 96:124-34. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.023.
45. Raucci R, Rusolo F, Sharma A, Colonna G, Castello G, Costantini S. Functional and structural features of adipokine family. Cytokine. 2013; 61(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.036.
46. Wang ZV, Scherer PE. Adiponectin, the past two decades. J Mol Cell Biol. 2016;8(2):93-100. doi: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw011.
47. Fantuzzi G. Adiponectin and inflammation: consensus and controversy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 121(2):326-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.018.
48. Gil-Campos M, Cañete R, Gil A. Adiponectin, the missing link in insulin resistance and obesity. Clin Nutr. 2004; 23(5):963-74. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.04.010.
49. Achari AE, Jain SK. Adiponectin, a therapeutic target for obesity, diabetes, and endothelial dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(6):1321. doi: 10.3390/ijms18061321.
50. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA. 1999; 282(22):2131-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.282.22.2131.
51. Gelaye B, Revilla L, Lopez T, Suarez L, Sanchez SE, Hevner K, et al. Association between insulin resistance and c-reactive protein among Peruvian adults. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2010;2(1):1-6. doi: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-30.
52. Beavers KM, Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ. Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clin Chim Acta. 2010; 411(11-12):785-93. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.069.
53. Pedersen BK. Anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest. 2017; 47(8):600-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12781.
54. Hall KD, Chung ST. Low-carbohydrate diets for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. C Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2018; 21(4):308-12. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000470.
55. Cipryan L, Maffetone PB, Plews DJ, Laursen PB. Effects of a four-week very low-carbohydrate high-fat diet on biomarkers of inflammation: non-randomised parallel-group study. Nutr health. 2020; 26(1):35-42. doi: 10.1177/0260106020903206.
56. Jonasson L, Guldbrand H, Lundberg AK, Nystrom FH. Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet. Ann Med. 2014; 46(3):182-7. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2014.894286.
57. Perissiou M, Borkoles E, Kobayashi K, Polman R. The effect of an 8 week prescribed exercise and low-carbohydrate diet on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese individuals: a randomised controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):482. doi: 10.3390/nu12020482.
58. Giné-Garriga M, Guerra M, Unnithan VB. The effect of functional circuit training on self-reported fear of falling and health status in a group of physically frail older individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013; 25(3):329-36. doi: 10.1007/s40520-013-0048-3.
59. Nguyen TMD. Adiponectin: role in physiology and pathophysiology. Int J Prev Med. 2020;11: 136. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_193_20.
60. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Ya, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S, et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med. 2002;8(11):1288-95. doi: 10.1038/nm788.
61. Kim JY, Barua S, Jeong YJ, Lee JE. Adiponectin: The potential regulator and therapeutic target of obesity and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(17):6419. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176419.
62. Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int J Med Sci. 2006; 4(1):19-27. doi: 10.7150/ijms.4.19.
63. Van Berendoncks AM, Beckers P, Hoymans VY, Possemiers N, Wuyts FL, Vrints CJ, et al. Exercise training reduces circulating adiponectin levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Sci. 2010; 118(4):281-9. doi: 10.1042/CS20090213.
64. Park T-G, Hong H-R, Lee J, Kang H-S. Lifestyle plus exercise intervention improves metabolic syndrome markers without change in adiponectin in obese girls. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007; 51(3):197-203. doi: 10.1159/000104137.
65. Ando D, Hosaka Y, Suzuki K, Yamagata Z. Effects of exercise training on circulating high molecular weight adiponectin and adiponectin oligomer composition: a randomized controlled trial. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2009; 16(6):733-9. doi: 10.5551/jat.2089.
66. Guo W, Kawano H, Piao L, Itoh N, Node K, Sato T. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipid profiles and high molecular weight adiponectin in Japanese workers. Intern Med. 2011; 50(5):389-95. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4380.
67. Ahmadizad S, Haghighi AH, Hamedinia MR. Effects of resistance versus endurance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007; 157(5):625-31. doi: 10.1530/EJE-07-0223.
68. Fatouros I, Tournis S, Leontsini D, Jamurtas A, Sxina M, Thomakos P, et al. Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and detraining are intensity related. Th J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(11):5970-7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0261.
69. Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(1):31-9. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.1.31.
70. Libardi CA, De Souza GV, Cavaglieri CR, Madruga VA, Chacon-Mikahil M. Effect of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training on TNF-a, IL-6, and CRP. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(5):50-6. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318229d2e9.
71. Okita K, Nishijima H, Murakami T, Nagai T, Morita N, Yonezawa K, et al. Can exercise training with weight loss lower serum C-reactive protein levels? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24(10):1868-73. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000140199.14930.32.
72. Bastard J-P, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85(9):3338-42. doi: 10.1210/jcem.85.9.6839.
73. Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005; 98(4):1154-62. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004.
74. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011; 11(9):607-15. doi: 10.1038/nri3041.
75. Flynn MG, McFarlin BK, Markofski MM. State of the art reviews: The anti-inflammatory actions of exercise training. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2007; 1(3):220-35. doi: 10.1177/1559827607300283.
76. Morshedzadeh N, Ahmadi AR, Tahmasebi R, Tavasolian R, Heshmati J, Rahimlou M. Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis in adult. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2022: 21(1):979-990. doi: 10.1007/s40200-021-00952-7.
77. Shemirani F, Golzarand M, Salari-Moghaddam A, Mahmoudi M. Effect of low-carbohydrate diet on adiponectin level in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022; 62(14):3969-78. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1871588.
78. Youssef M. The effect of dietary intervention by low carbohydrate diet, and low fat diet, on weight loss, leptin and adiponectin. Life Sci J. 2015;12:33-42. doi: 10.7537/marslsj120415.05.
79. 38. Luscombe-Marsh ND, Noakes M, Wittert GA, Keogh JB, Foster P, Clifton PM. Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(4):762-72. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.4.762.
80. Sharman MJ, Volek JS. Weight loss leads to reductions in inflammatory biomarkers after a very-low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet in overweight men. Clin Sci. 2004; 107(4):365-9. doi: 10.1042/CS20040111.
81. Møller N. Ketone body, 3-hydroxybutyrate: minor metabolite-major medical manifestations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 105(9):2884-92. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa370.
82. Cipryan L, Dostal T, Plews DJ, Hofmann P, Laursen PB. Adiponectin/leptin ratio increases after a 12-week very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, and exercise training in healthy individuals: A non-randomized, parallel design study. Nutr Res. 2021;87:22-30. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.012.
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Shapouri M, Gholami M, Ghazalian F. The Effect of Eight Weeks Functional Exercise Training and Low Carbohydrate Diet on The Levels of Adiponectin, CRP and Lipid Profile in Overweight Women. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences 2024; 11 (1) :9-21
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مجله ی تحقیقات پایه در علوم پزشکی Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences
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